Hepatitis C Virus Inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure is generally directed to antiviral compounds, and more specifically directed to compounds which can inhibit the function of the NS5A protein encoded by Hepatitis C virus (HCV), compositions comprising such compounds, and methods for inhibiting the function of the NS5A protein.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This Divisional application claims the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 12/974,069 filed Dec. 21, 2010, now allowed, which in turn claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application U.S. Ser. No. 61/290,898 filed Dec. 30, 2009, now expired.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is generally directed to antiviral compounds, and more specifically directed to compounds which can inhibit the function of the NS5A protein encoded by Hepatitis C virus (HCV), compositions comprising such compounds, and methods for inhibiting the function of the NS5A protein.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure is generally directed to antiviral compounds, and more specifically directed to compounds which can inhibit the function of the NS5A protein encoded by Hepatitis C virus (HCV), compositions comprising such compounds, and methods for inhibiting the function of the NS5A protein.

HCV is a major human pathogen, infecting an estimated 170 million persons worldwide—roughly five times the number infected by human immunodeficiency virus type 1. A substantial fraction of these HCV infected individuals develop serious progressive liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

The current standard of care for HCV, which employs a combination of pegylated-interferon and ribavirin, has a non-optimal success rate in achieving sustained viral response and causes numerous side effects. Thus, there is a clear and long-felt need to develop effective therapies to address this undermet medical need.

HCV is a positive-stranded RNA virus. Based on a comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence and the extensive similarity in the 5′ untranslated region, HCV has been classified as a separate genus in the Flaviviridae family. All members of the Flaviviridae family have enveloped virions that contain a positive stranded RNA genome encoding all known virus-specific proteins via translation of a single, uninterrupted, open reading frame.

Considerable heterogeneity is found within the nucleotide and encoded amino acid sequence throughout the HCV genome due to the high error rate of the encoded RNA dependent RNA polymerase which lacks a proof-reading capability. At least six major genotypes have been characterized, and more than 50 subtypes have been described with distribution worldwide. The clinical significance of the genetic heterogeneity of HCV has demonstrated a propensity for mutations to arise during monotherapy treatment, thus additional treatment options for use are desired. The possible modulator effect of genotypes on pathogenesis and therapy remains elusive.

The single strand HCV RNA genome is approximately 9500 nucleotides in length and has a single open reading frame (ORF) encoding a single large polyprotein of about 3000 amino acids. In infected cells, this polyprotein is cleaved at multiple sites by cellular and viral proteases to produce the structural and non-structural (NS) proteins. In the case of HCV, the generation of mature non-structural proteins (NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A, and NS5B) is effected by two viral proteases. The first one is believed to be a metalloprotease and cleaves at the NS2-NS3 junction; the second one is a serine protease contained within the N-terminal region of NS3 (also referred to herein as NS3 protease) and mediates all the subsequent cleavages downstream of NS3, both in cis, at the NS3-NS4A cleavage site, and in trans, for the remaining NS4A-NS4B, NS4B-NS5A, NS5A-NS5B sites. The NS4A protein appears to serve multiple functions by both acting as a cofactor for the NS3 protease and assisting in the membrane localization of NS3 and other viral replicase components. The formation of a NS3-NS4A complex is necessary for proper protease activity resulting in increased proteolytic efficiency of the cleavage events. The NS3 protein also exhibits nucleoside triphosphatase and RNA helicase activities. NS5B (also referred to herein as HCV polymerase) is a RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that is involved in the replication of HCV with other HCV proteins, including NS5A, in a replicase complex.

Compounds useful for treating HCV-infected patients are desired which selectively inhibit HCV viral replication. In particular, compounds which are effective to inhibit the function of the NS5A protein are desired. The HCV NS5A protein is described, for example, in the following references: S. L. Tan, et al., Virology, 284:1-12 (2001); K.-J. Park, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 30711-30718 (2003); T. L. Tellinghuisen, et al., Nature, 435, 374 (2005); R. A. Love, et al., J. Virol, 83, 4395 (2009); N. Appel, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 281, 9833 (2006); L. Huang, J. Biol. Chem., 280, 36417 (2005); C. Rice, et al., World Patent Application WO-2006093867, Sep. 8, 2006.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure provides compounds which selectively inhibit HCV viral replication, as characterized by Formula (I):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

Q¹, Q², Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵, Q⁶, Q⁷, and Q⁸ are each independently selected from CR^(w) and N; wherein each R^(w) is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and halo;

L is a five-membered heterocyclyl group selected from the group consisting of

wherein R^(x) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by —C(O)OR³ or —NMe₂, wherein R^(y) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl, and wherein R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, —NHR^(p), and alkyl, wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, —OSi(R^(q))₃, —OR⁴, —SR⁵, —C(O)OR⁶, —NHC(O)R⁷, —NR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(c)R^(d),

wherein R^(p) is heterocyclyl,

wherein R^(q) at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₄ alkyl or phenyl,

wherein any said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, —OR⁴, —C(O)OR⁶, —NR^(a)R^(b), (NR^(a)R^(b))alkyl, and —OP(O)(OH)(OR⁵), and

wherein any said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be fused onto an aromatic ring and may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), oxo, —OR⁴, —C(O)OR⁶, and —C(O)R⁷;

R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or benzyl;

R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R⁶ at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from —OR⁸, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(O)OR¹⁰, fused cyclopropyl, cyano, oxo, phenyl NR^(a)R^(b), -L¹-R¹¹, C(O)R¹¹, and —C(O)-L¹-R¹¹;

-   -   R⁸ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl optionally substituted with a halogen,         arylalkyl, —(C₁₋₃ alkylene)-C(O)OR¹⁰, or —(C₁₋₃         alkylene)-O—(C₁₋₃ alkylene);

R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl;

R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl;

L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², —OC(O)R¹³, —NR^(a)R^(b), phenyl, and oxo;

R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —OR⁸, or —NR^(a)R^(b), wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, nitro, cyano, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, halogen, —OR⁹, oxo, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R¹⁰, and —C(O)OR¹⁰;

R¹² is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹;

R¹³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or aryl;

R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁵, —C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), and (NR^(c)R^(d))alkyl, or alternatively, R^(a) and R^(b), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure, wherein said five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure optionally may contain one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and may contain one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, aryl, halogen, and —OR⁹;

R^(c) and R^(d) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, and cycloalkyl;

R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹; and

R¹⁵ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, arylalkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl.

The compounds of the present disclosure can be effective to inhibit the function of the HCV NS5A protein. In particular, the compounds of the present disclosure can be effective to inhibit the HCV 1b genotype or multiple genotypes of HCV. Therefore, this disclosure also encompasses: (1) compositions comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier; and (2) a method of treating an HCV infection in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

In a first aspect of the present disclosure compounds of Formula (I) are provided:

In a first embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

Q¹, Q², Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵, Q⁶, Q⁷, and Q⁸ are each independently selected from CR^(w) and N; wherein each R^(w) is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and halo;

L is a five-membered heterocyclyl group selected from the group consisting of

wherein R^(x) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by —C(O)OR³ or —NMe₂, wherein R^(y) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl, and wherein R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, —NHR^(p), and alkyl, wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, —OSi(R^(q))₃, —OR⁴, —SR⁵, —C(O)OR⁶, —NHC(O)R⁷, —NR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(c)R^(d),

wherein R^(p) is heterocyclyl,

wherein R^(q) at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₄ alkyl or phenyl,

-   -   wherein any said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be         substituted with one or more substituents independently selected         from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl,         heterocyclylalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, —OR⁴, —C(O)OR⁶,         —NR^(a)R^(b), (NR^(a)R^(b))alkyl, and —OP(O)(OH)(OR⁵), and

wherein any said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be fused onto an aromatic ring and may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), oxo, —OR⁴, —C(O)OR⁶, and —C(O)R⁷;

R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or benzyl;

R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R⁶ at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from —OR⁸, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(O)OR¹⁰, fused cyclopropyl, cyano, oxo, phenyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), -L¹-R¹¹, C(O)R¹¹, and —C(O)-L¹-R¹¹;

R⁸ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl optionally substituted with a halogen, arylalkyl, —(C₁₋₃ alkylene)-C(O)OR¹⁰, or —(C₁₋₃ alkylene)-O—(C₁₋₃ alkylene);

R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl;

R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl;

L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², —OC(O)R¹³, —NR^(a)R^(b), phenyl, and oxo;

R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —OR⁸, or —NR^(a)R^(b), wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, nitro, cyano, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, halogen, —OR⁹, oxo, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R¹⁰, and —C(O)OR¹⁰;

R¹² is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹;

R¹³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or aryl;

R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁵, —C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), and (NR^(c)R^(d))alkyl, or alternatively, R^(a) and R^(b), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure, wherein said five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure optionally may contain one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and may contain one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, aryl, halogen, and —OR⁹;

R^(c) and R^(d) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, and cycloalkyl;

R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹; and

R¹⁵ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, arylalkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl.

In a second embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

L is a five-membered heterocyclyl group selected from the group consisting of

wherein R^(x) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by —C(O)OR³ or —NMe₂, wherein R^(y) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl, and wherein R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of:

wherein:

n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

R¹⁶ at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR⁴, or oxo;

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷;

R¹⁸ is C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted by —OR⁴ or —SR⁵;

R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from —OR⁸, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(O)OR¹⁰, oxo, phenyl, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), -L¹-R¹¹, —C(O)R¹¹, and —C(O)-L¹-R¹¹;

R⁸ is C₁₋₆ alkyl or arylalkyl;

R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl;

R¹⁰ is hydrogen, phenyl, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or benzyl;

L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², —OC(O)R¹³, —NR^(a)R^(b), phenyl, and oxo;

R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or —NR^(a)R^(b), wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, nitro, cyano, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, halogen, —OR⁹, oxo, phenyl, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R¹⁰, and —C(O)OR¹⁰;

R¹² is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹;

R¹³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or aryl;

R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁵, —C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), and (NR^(c)R^(d))alkyl, or alternatively, R^(a) and R^(b), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure, wherein said five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure optionally may contain one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and may contain one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, aryl, halogen, and —OR⁹;

R^(c) and R^(d) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, and cycloalkyl;

R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹; and

R¹⁵ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, arylalkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl.

In a third embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I), or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

L is a five-membered heterocyclyl group selected from the group consisting of

wherein R^(x) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by —C(O)OR³ or —NMe₂, wherein R^(y) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl, and wherein R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from the group consisting of:

wherein:

n is 0, 1, 2, or 3;

R¹⁶ at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR⁴, or oxo;

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷;

R¹⁸ is C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted by —OR⁴ or —SR⁵;

R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl;

R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OCH₂Ph, —OC(CH₃)₃, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, —CH₂Ph, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, phenyl,

In a fourth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (Ia):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(x) is hydrogen, methyl, —CH₂C(O)OR³, or —CH₂NMe₂, wherein R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are each independently

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently —OR⁸ or benzyl; and

R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl.

In a fifth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (Ib):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(x) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from:

wherein:

R¹⁶ is hydrogen, OH, or —OR⁴, wherein R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from —OR⁸, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(O)OR¹⁰, oxo, phenyl, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), -L¹-R¹¹, —C(O)R¹¹, and —C(O)-L¹-R¹¹;

R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl;

R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹⁰ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl;

L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², —OC(O)R¹³, —NR^(a)R^(b), phenyl, and oxo;

R¹¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or —NR^(a)R^(b), wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, halogen, —OR⁹, oxo, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R¹⁰, and —C(O)OR¹⁰;

R¹² is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹; R¹³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(O)R¹⁴, or alternatively, R^(a) and R^(b), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a five- or six-membered ring, wherein said five- or six-membered ring optionally may contain one additional heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and may contain one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, aryl, halogen, and —OR⁹;

R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R^(17a) is heteroarylalkyl; and

R¹⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by —OR⁴ or —SR⁵, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently C₁₋₄ alkyl.

In a sixth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (Ib), or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(x) is hydrogen;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from:

wherein:

R¹⁶ is hydrogen, OH, or —OR⁴, wherein R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷;

R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of —OCH₂Ph, —OC(CH₃)₃, methyl, ethyl, —CH₂Ph, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, phenyl,

and

R^(17a) is

In a seventh embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (Ic):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R¹ and R² are independently selected from:

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR⁸, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, benzyl, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR⁹, —NR^(a)R^(b), and oxo;

R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl;

R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or benzyl;

L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², —OC(O)R¹³, —NR^(a)R^(b), and oxo;

R¹¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, oxo, and —NR^(a)R^(b);

R¹² is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R^(17b) is —OR⁸; and

R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl.

In an eighth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (Ic), or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(x) is hydrogen;

R⁷ at each occurrence is selected from the group consisting of —OCH₂Ph, —OC(CH₃)₃, —CH₂Ph, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,

and

R^(17b) is —OC(CH₃)₃ or —OCH₂Ph.

In a ninth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (Id):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(x) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are each independently

R¹⁶ is hydrogen or —OH;

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR⁸, C₁₋₄ alkyl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹;

R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl;

R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², and oxo;

R¹¹ is aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹; and

R¹² is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl.

In a tenth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (Ie):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(x) and R^(y) are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are each independently selected from

R¹⁶ is hydrogen or —OR⁴, wherein R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of: —OR⁸, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR⁹, —NR^(a)R^(b), and oxo;

R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl;

R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², —OC(O)R¹³, —NR^(a)R^(b), and oxo;

R¹¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may be optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, oxo, and —NR^(a)R^(b);

R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl;

R¹⁰ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl;

R¹² is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(O)R¹⁴; and

R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl.

In an eleventh embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (Ie), or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(x) is hydrogen;

R^(y) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; and

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OCH₂Ph, —OC(CH₃)₃, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,

In a twelfth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (If):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(x) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are each independently

R¹⁶ is hydrogen or —OH;

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently —OR⁸ or —CH₂Ph; and

R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl.

In a thirteenth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (Ig):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(y) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are each independently

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷; and

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently —OR⁸; and

R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl.

In a fourteenth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (Ih):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(y) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are each independently

R¹⁶ is hydrogen or —OH; and

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently —OR⁸ or benzyl; and

R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl.

In a fifteenth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (II):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

Q is S or O;

R¹ and R² are each independently

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷; and

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR⁸, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and benzyl; and

R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl.

In a sixteenth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (ID:

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(x) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are each independently

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷; and

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl.

In a seventeenth embodiment of the first aspect, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (Ik):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

R^(x) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from:

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, thienyl, isoxazolyl, tetrahydrofuryl, or benzyl; and

R^(17a) is

In a second aspect the present disclosure provides a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein Formula (I) is defined according to any of the embodiments described above in the first aspect of the present disclosure.

In a first embodiment of the second aspect the composition further comprises at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity.

In a second embodiment of the second aspect at least one of the additional compounds is an interferon or a ribavirin.

In a third embodiment of the second aspect the interferon is selected from interferon alpha 2B, pegylated interferon alpha, consensus interferon, interferon alpha 2A, and lymphoblastiod interferon tau.

In a fourth embodiment of the second aspect the present disclosure provides a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity, wherein at least one of the additional compounds is selected from interleukin 2, interleukin 6, interleukin 12, a compound that enhances the development of a type 1 helper T cell response, interfering RNA, anti-sense RNA, Imiqimod, ribavirin, an inosine 5′-monophospate dehydrogenase inhibitor, amantadine, and rimantadine.

In a fifth embodiment of the second aspect the present disclosure provides a composition comprising a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity, wherein at least one of the additional compounds is effective to inhibit the function of a target selected from HCV metalloprotease, HCV serine protease, HCV polymerase, HCV helicase, HCV NS4B protein, HCV entry, HCV assembly, HCV egress, HCV NS5A protein, and IMPDH for the treatment of an HCV infection.

In a third aspect the present disclosure provides a method of treating an HCV infection in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein Formula (I) is defined according to any of the embodiments described above in the first aspect of the present disclosure.

In a first embodiment of the third aspect the method further comprises administering at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity prior to, after or simultaneously with the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In a second embodiment of the third aspect at least one of the additional compounds is an interferon or a ribavirin.

In a third embodiment of the third aspect the interferon is selected from interferon alpha 2B, pegylated interferon alpha, consensus interferon, interferon alpha 2A, and lymphoblastiod interferon tau.

In a fourth embodiment of the third aspect the present disclosure provides a method of treating an HCV infection in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity prior to, after or simultaneously with the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein at least one of the additional compounds is selected from interleukin 2, interleukin 6, interleukin 12, a compound that enhances the development of a type 1 helper T cell response, interfering RNA, anti-sense RNA, Imiqimod, ribavirin, an inosine 5′-monophospate dehydrogenase inhibitor, amantadine, and rimantadine.

In a fifth embodiment of the third aspect the present disclosure provides a method of treating an HCV infection in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and at least one additional compound having anti-HCV activity prior to, after or simultaneously with the compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein at least one of the additional compounds is effective to inhibit the function of a target selected from HCV metalloprotease, HCV serine protease, HCV polymerase, HCV helicase, HCV NS4B protein, HCV entry, HCV assembly, HCV egress, HCV NS5A protein, and IMPDH for the treatment of an HCV infection.

In another aspect the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (X):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein:

L is a five-membered heterocyclyl group selected from the group consisting of

wherein R^(x) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by —C(O)OR³ or —NMe₂, wherein R^(y) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl, and wherein R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R¹ and R² are independently selected from cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, —NHR^(p), and alkyl, wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, —OSi(R^(q))₃, —OR⁴, —SR⁵, —C(O)OR⁶, —NHC(O)R⁷, —NR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(c)R^(d),

wherein R^(p) is heterocyclyl,

wherein R^(q) at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₄ alkyl or phenyl,

wherein any said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted with one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, —OR⁴, —C(O)OR⁶, —NR^(a)R^(b), (NR^(a)R^(b))alkyl, and —OP(O)(OH)(OR⁵), and

wherein any said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be fused onto an aromatic ring and may optionally be substituted with one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), oxo, —OR⁴, —C(O)OR⁶, and —C(O)R⁷;

R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or benzyl;

R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl;

R⁶ at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl;

R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from —OR⁸, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(O)OR¹⁰, oxo, phenyl, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), -L¹-R¹¹, —C(O)R¹¹, and —C(O)—L¹-R¹¹;

R⁸ is C₁₋₆ alkyl or arylalkyl;

R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl;

R¹⁰ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl;

L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², —OC(O)R¹³, —NR^(a)R^(b), phenyl, and oxo;

R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or —NR^(a)R^(b), wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, nitro, cyano, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, halogen, —OR⁹, oxo, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R¹⁰, and —C(O)OR¹⁶;

R¹² is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more, preferably one to three, substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹;

R¹³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or aryl;

R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁵, —C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), and (NR^(c)R^(d))alkyl, or alternatively, R^(a) and R^(b), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure, wherein said five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure optionally may contain one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and may contain one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, aryl, halogen, and —OR⁹;

R^(c) and R^(d) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, and cycloalkyl;

R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹; and

R¹⁵ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, arylalkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl.

Other aspects of the present disclosure may include suitable combinations of embodiments disclosed herein.

Yet other aspects and embodiments may be found in the description provided herein.

The description of the present disclosure herein should be construed in congruity with the laws and principals of chemical bonding. In some instances it may be necessary to remove a hydrogen atom in order to accommodate a substituent at any given location.

Certain features of the structure of Formula (I) are further illustrated below:

In Formula (I), R¹ and R² are independent from each other, although in some circumstances they are preferably the same.

R¹C(O)— and R²C(O)— can be derived from any of the “Caps” disclosed herein, and in principle can be derived from any carboxylic acid or derivatives. When R¹ or R² contains a nitrogen that can be “capped” with an acyl group, for example, when R¹ or R² is an amino alkyl group or a nitrogen-containing heterocyclyl group, such an acyl group can also be derived from any of the “Caps” disclosed herein.

When a “cap” contains a stereogenic center, the stereogeneic center can take either (R)- or (S)-configuration. For example, a pyrrolidine-containing “cap” can take either (R)- or (S)-configuration as depicted below:

When a cyclopropyl ring is fused onto a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring, the CH₂ group of the fused cyclopropyl ring can take either α- or β-position. For example, a pyrrolidine ring with a fused cyclopropyl group may take either of the two forms depicted below:

Thus, this disclosure is intended to cover all possible stereoisomers even when a single stereoisomer, or no stereochemistry, is described in a structure. It should be understood that the compounds encompassed by the present disclosure are those that are suitably stable for use as pharmaceutical agent.

It is intended that the definition of any substituent or variable at a particular location in a molecule be independent of its definitions elsewhere in that molecule. For example, for substituent (R¹⁶)_(n), when n is 2, each of the two R¹⁶ groups may be the same or different.

All patents, patent applications, and literature references cited in the specification are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the case of inconsistencies, the present disclosure, including definitions, will prevail.

DEFINITIONS

Definitions have been provided above for each of the groups defined. In addition, the following definitions shall be used.

As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

Unless stated otherwise, all aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclyl groups of the present disclosure may be substituted as described in each of their respective definitions. For example, the aryl part of an arylalkyl group may be substituted as described in the definition of the term “aryl.”The term “acetyl,” as used herein, refers to —C(O)CH₃.

The term “alkenyl,” as used herein, refers to a monovalent, straight or branched hydrocarbon chain having one or more, preferably one to two, double bonds therein. The double bond of an alkenyl group can be unconjugated or conjugated to another unsaturated group. Suitable alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, C₂ to C₁₀ alkenyl groups, such as vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, butadienyl, pentadienyl, hexadienyl, 2-ethylhexenyl, 2-propyl-2-butenyl, 4-(2-methyl-3-butene)-pentenyl. An alkenyl group can be unsubstituted or substituted with one or two suitable substituents.

The term “alkoxy,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom. Representative examples of alkoxy group include, but are not limited to, methoxy (CH₃O—), ethoxy (CH₃CH₂O—), and t-butoxy ((CH₃)₃CO—).

The term “alkyl,” as used herein, refers to a group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon by removal of a hydrogen from one of the saturated carbons. The alkyl group preferably contains from one to ten carbon atoms. Representative examples of alkyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, and tert-butyl.

The term “alkylcarbonyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Representative examples of alkylcarbonyl group include, but are not limited to, acetyl (—C(O)CH₃), propanoyl (—C(O)CH₂CH₃), n-butyryl (—C(O)CH₂CH₂CH₃), and 2,2-dimethylpropanoyl or pivaloyl (—C(O)C(CH₃)₃).

The term “allyl,” as used herein, refers to the —CH₂CH═CH₂ group.

The term “aryl,” as used herein, refers to a group derived from an aromatic carbocycle by removal of a hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring. The aryl group can be monocyclic, bicyclic or polycyclic, wherein in bicyclic or polycyclic aryl group, the aromatic carbocycle can be fused onto another four- to six-membered aromatic or non-aromatic carbocycle. Representative examples of aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, indanyl, indenyl, naphthyl, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-5-yl.

The term “arylalkyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three aryl groups, wherein aryl part of the arylalkyl group may optionally be substituted by one to five substituents independently selected from C₁ to C₆ alkyl, C₁ to C₄ haloalkyl, C₁ to C₆ alkoxy, halogen, cyano, and nitro groups. Represented examples of arylalkyl include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenyl-1-ethyl (PhCH₂CH₂—), (naphth-1-yl)methyl, and (naphth-2-yl)methyl.

The term “benzyl,” as used herein, refers to a methyl group on which one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a phenyl group, wherein said phenyl group may optionally be substituted by one to five substituents independently selected from methyl, trifluoromethyl (—CF₃), methoxy (—OCH₃), halogen, and nitro (—NO₂). Representative examples of benzyl group include, but are not limited to, PhCH₂—, 4-MeO—C₆H₄—CH₂—, and 2,4,6-tri-methyl-C₆H₄—CH₂—.

The term “bridged bicyclic ring,” as used herein, refers to a ring structure comprising a bridgehead between two of the ring members, wherein the ring and the bridgehead optionally may independently comprise one or more, preferably one to two, heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. Illustrated examples of a bridged bicyclic ring structure include, but are not limited to:

The terms “Cap” and “cap,” as used herein, refer to a group that can be used to replace the R¹C(O)— or R²C(O)— group in formula (I) or an acyl group residing at a nitrogen atom in the R¹ or R² group, for example, the R²C(O)— group. It should be understood that “Cap” or “cap” can also refer to a reagent which is a precursor to the final “cap” in a compound of formula (I), for example, a carboxylic acid or its derivatives that can react with an amino group to form an amide bond, such as an ester, acyl halide, acyl azide, and so on.

The term “carbonyl,” as used herein, refers to —C(O)—.

The term “carboxyl,” as used herein, refers to —CO₂H.

The term “cyano,” as used herein, refers to —CN.

The term “cycloalkyl,” as used herein, refers to a group derived from a saturated carbocycle, having preferably three to eight carbon atoms, by removal of a hydrogen atom from the saturated carbocycle, wherein the saturated carbocyle can optionally be fused onto one or two other aromatic or nonaromatic carbocycles. Representative examples of cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphth-1-yl.

The term “formyl,” as used herein, refers to —CHO.

The term “fused cyclopropyl,” as used herein, refers to a cyclopropyl ring fused onto another ring structure, i.e., a methylene group (—CH₂—) attached to two adjacent carbon atoms, as illustrated in the group:

The terms “halo” and “halogen,” as used herein, refer to F, Cl, Br, or I.

The term “haloalkoxy,” as used herein, refers to a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.

The term “haloalkyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted by at least one halogen atom. The haloalkyl group can be an alkyl group of which all hydrogen atoms are substituted by halogens. Representative examples of haloalkyl include, but are not limited to, trifluoromethyl (CF₃—), 1-chloroethyl (ClCH₂CH₂—), and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl (CF₃CH₂—).

The term “heteroaryl,” as used herein, refers to group derived from a monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic compound comprising at least one aromatic ring comprising one or more, preferably one to three, heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, by removal of a hydrogen atom from an aromatic ring thereof. As is well known to those skilled in the art, heteroaryl rings have less aromatic character than their all-carbon counterparts. Thus, for the purposes of the disclosure, a heteroaryl group need only have some degree of aromatic character. Illustrative examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazyl, triazinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, (1,2,3,)- and (1,2,4)-triazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, tetrazolyl, furyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, and pyrrolopyridinyl.

The term “heteroarylalkyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three heteroaryl groups.

The term “heterobicyclyl,” as used herein, refers to a ring structure comprising two fused, bridged, or spirocyclic rings that include carbon and one or more, preferably one to three, heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The heterobicyclic ring structure is a subset of heterocyclic ring and can be saturated or unsaturated. Examples of heterobicyclic ring structures include, but are not limited to, tropane, quinuclidine, and 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane.

The term “heterocyclyl,” as used herein, refers to a group derived from a monocyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic compound comprising at least one nonaromatic ring comprising one or more, preferably one to three, heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, by removal of a hydrogen atom from the nonaromatic ring. The heterocyclyl group encompasses the heterobicyclyl group. The heterocyclyl groups of the present disclosure can be attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbon atom or a nitrogen atom in the group. Examples of heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, morpholinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperazinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thiomorpholinyl, and indolinyl.

The term “heterocyclylalkyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three heterocyclyl groups.

The terms “hydroxy” or “hydroxyl,” as used herein, refer to —OH.

The term “nitro,” as used herein, refers to —NO₂.

The term “—NR^(a)R^(b),” as used herein, refers to two groups, R^(a) and R^(b), which are attached to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom, or alternatively R^(a) and R^(b), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a 5- or 6-membered ring or a fused- or bridged-bicyclic ring structure optionally containing one, two, or three additional heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The term “—NR^(c)R^(d)” is defined similarly.

The term “(NR^(a)R^(b))alkyl,” as used herein, refers to an alkyl group substituted with one, two, or three —NR^(a)R^(b) groups. The term “(NR^(c)R^(d))alkyl” is defined similarly.

The term “oxo,” as used herein, refers to ═O.

The term “sulfonyl,” as used herein, refers to —SO₂—.

The term “trialkylsilyl,” as used herein, refers to —SiR₃, wherein each R is C₁ to C₄ alkyl or phenyl. The three R groups may be the same or different. Representative examples of “trialkylsilyl” include, but are not limited to, trimethylsilyl (TMS), tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS or TBDMS), and triisopropylsilyl (TIPS).

Asymmetric centers exist in the compounds of the present disclosure. These centers are designated by the symbols “R” or “S”, depending on the configuration of substituents around the chiral carbon atom. It should be understood that the disclosure encompasses all stereochemical isomeric forms, or mixtures thereof, which possess the ability to inhibit NS5A. Individual stereoisomers of compounds can be prepared synthetically from commercially available starting materials which contain chiral centers or by preparation of mixtures of enantiomeric products followed by separation such as conversion to a mixture of diastereomers followed by separation or recrystallization, chromatographic techniques, or direct separation of enantiomers on chiral chromatographic columns. Starting compounds of particular stereochemistry are either commercially available or can be made and resolved by techniques known in the art.

Certain compounds of the present disclosure may also exist in different stable conformational forms which may be separable. Torsional asymmetry due to restricted rotation about an asymmetric single bond, for example because of steric hindrance or ring strain, may permit separation of different conformers. The present disclosure includes each conformational isomer of these compounds and mixtures thereof.

The term “compounds of the present disclosure”, and equivalent expressions, are meant to embrace compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable enantiomers, diastereomers, and salts thereof. Similarly, references to intermediates are meant to embrace their salts where the context so permits.

The present disclosure is intended to include all isotopes of atoms occurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of general example and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include deuterium and tritium. Isotopes of carbon include ¹³C and ¹⁴C. Isotopically-labeled compounds of the invention can generally be prepared by conventional techniques known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described herein, using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed. Such compounds may have a variety of potential uses, for example as standards and reagents in determining biological activity. In the case of stable isotopes, such compounds may have the potential to favorably modify biological, pharmacological, or pharmacokinetic properties.

The compounds of the present disclosure can exist as pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” as used herein, represents salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds of the present disclosure which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible, which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use The salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting a suitable nitrogen atom with a suitable acid. Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, citrate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate; digluconate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, formate, fumarate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, mesitylenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylproprionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate, para-toluenesulfonate, and undecanoate. Examples of acids which can be employed to form pharmaceutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, and citric.

Basic addition salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds by reacting a carboxy group with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine. The cations of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, as well as nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylphenethylamine, and N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine. Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, and piperazine.

When it is possible that, for use in therapy, therapeutically effective amounts of a compound of Formula (I), as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, may be administered as the raw chemical, it is possible to present the active ingredient as a pharmaceutical composition. Accordingly, the disclosure further provides pharmaceutical compositions, which include therapeutically effective amounts of compounds of Formula (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, and one or more, preferably one to three, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients. The term “therapeutically effective amount,” as used herein, refers to the total amount of each active component that is sufficient to show a meaningful patient benefit, e.g., a sustained reduction in viral load. When applied to an individual active ingredient, administered alone, the term refers to that ingredient alone. When applied to a combination, the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially, or simultaneously. The compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, are as described above. The carrier(s), diluent(s), or excipient(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the recipient thereof. In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure there is also provided a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical formulation including admixing a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, with one or more, preferably one to three, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents, or excipients. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable,” as used herein, refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of patients without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, and are effective for their intended use.

Pharmaceutical formulations may be presented in unit dose forms containing a predetermined amount of active ingredient per unit dose. Dosage levels of between about 0.01 and about 250 milligram per kilogram (“mg/kg”) body weight per day, preferably between about 0.05 and about 100 mg/kg body weight per day of the compounds of the present disclosure are typical in a monotherapy for the prevention and treatment of HCV mediated disease. Typically, the pharmaceutical compositions of this disclosure will be administered from about 1 to about 5 times per day or alternatively, as a continuous infusion. Such administration can be used as a chronic or acute therapy. The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending on the condition being treated, the severity of the condition, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound employed, the duration of treatment, and the age, gender, weight, and condition of the patient. Preferred unit dosage formulations are those containing a daily dose or sub-dose, as herein above recited, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient. Generally, treatment is initiated with small dosages substantially less than the optimum dose of the compound. Thereafter, the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached. In general, the compound is most desirably administered at a concentration level that will generally afford antivirally effective results without causing any harmful or deleterious side effects.

When the compositions of this disclosure comprise a combination of a compound of the present disclosure and one or more, preferably one or two, additional therapeutic or prophylactic agent, both the compound and the additional agent are usually present at dosage levels of between about 10 to 150%, and more preferably between about 10 and 80% of the dosage normally administered in a monotherapy regimen.

Pharmaceutical formulations may be adapted for administration by any appropriate route, for example by the oral (including buccal or sublingual), rectal, nasal, topical (including buccal, sublingual, or transdermal), vaginal, or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intracutaneous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intralesional, intravenous, or intradermal injections or infusions) route. Such formulations may be prepared by any method known in the art of pharmacy, for example by bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier(s) or excipient(s). Oral administration or administration by injection are preferred.

Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for oral administration may be presented as discrete units such as capsules or tablets; powders or granules; solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids; edible foams or whips; or oil-in-water liquid emulsions or water-in-oil emulsions.

For instance, for oral administration in the form of a tablet or capsule, the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like. Powders are prepared by comminuting the compound to a suitable fine size and mixing with a similarly comminuted pharmaceutical carrier such as an edible carbohydrate, as, for example, starch or mannitol. Flavoring, preservative, dispersing, and coloring agent can also be present.

Capsules are made by preparing a powder mixture, as described above, and filling formed gelatin sheaths. Glidants and lubricants such as colloidal silica, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, or solid polyethylene glycol can be added to the powder mixture before the filling operation. A disintegrating or solubilizing agent such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, or sodium carbonate can also be added to improve the availability of the medicament when the capsule is ingested.

Moreover, when desired or necessary, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents, and coloring agents can also be incorporated into the mixture. Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, and the like. Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium chloride, and the like. Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, betonite, xanthan gum, and the like. Tablets are formulated, for example, by preparing a powder mixture, granulating or slugging, adding a lubricant and disintegrant, and pressing into tablets. A powder mixture is prepared by mixing the compound, suitable comminuted, with a diluent or base as described above, and optionally, with a binder such as carboxymethylcellulose, an aliginate, gelating, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone, a solution retardant such as paraffin, a resorption accelerator such as a quaternary salt and/or and absorption agent such as betonite, kaolin, or dicalcium phosphate. The powder mixture can be granulated by wetting with a binder such as syrup, starch paste, acadia mucilage, or solutions of cellulosic or polymeric materials and forcing through a screen. As an alternative to granulating, the powder mixture can be run through the tablet machine and the result is imperfectly formed slugs broken into granules. The granules can be lubricated to prevent sticking to the tablet forming dies by means of the addition of stearic acid, a stearate salt, talc, or mineral oil. The lubricated mixture is then compressed into tablets. The compounds of the present disclosure can also be combined with a free flowing inert carrier and compressed into tablets directly without going through the granulating or slugging steps. A clear or opaque protective coating consisting of a sealing coat of shellac, a coating of sugar or polymeric material, and a polish coating of wax can be provided. Dyestuffs can be added to these coatings to distinguish different unit dosages.

Oral fluids such as solution, syrups, and elixirs can be prepared in dosage unit form so that a given quantity contains a predetermined amount of the compound. Syrups can be prepared by dissolving the compound in a suitably flavored aqueous solution, while elixirs are prepared through the use of a non-toxic vehicle. Solubilizers and emulsifiers such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols and polyoxyethylene sorbitol ethers, preservatives, flavor additive such as peppermint oil or natural sweeteners, or saccharin or other artificial sweeteners, and the like can also be added.

Where appropriate, dosage unit formulations for oral administration can be microencapsulated. The formulation can also be prepared to prolong or sustain the release as for example by coating or embedding particulate material in polymers, wax, or the like.

The compounds of Formula (I), and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof, can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles. Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phopholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, or phophatidylcholines.

The compounds of Formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof may also be delivered by the use of monoclonal antibodies as individual carriers to which the compound molecules are coupled. The compounds may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers. Such polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamidephenol, polyhydroxyethylaspartamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxidepolylysine substituted with palitoyl residues. Furthermore, the compounds may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates, and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.

Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for transdermal administration may be presented as discrete patches intended to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a prolonged period of time. For example, the active ingredient may be delivered from the patch by iontophoresis as generally described in Pharmaceutical Research 1986, 3(6), 318.

Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for topical administration may be formulated as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols, or oils.

For treatments of the eye or other external tissues, for example mouth and skin, the formulations are preferably applied as a topical ointment or cream. When formulated in an ointment, the active ingredient may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the active ingredient may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base or a water-in oil base.

Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for topical administrations to the eye include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent.

Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges, pastilles, and mouth washes.

Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for rectal administration may be presented as suppositories or as enemas.

Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for nasal administration wherein the carrier is a solid include a course powder having a particle size for example in the range 20 to 500 microns which is administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose. Suitable formulations wherein the carrier is a liquid, for administration as a nasal spray or nasal drops, include aqueous or oil solutions of the active ingredient.

Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for administration by inhalation include fine particle dusts or mists, which may be generated by means of various types of metered, dose pressurized aerosols, nebulizers, or insufflators.

Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulations.

Pharmaceutical formulations adapted for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, and soutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents. The formulations may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and tablets.

It should be understood that in addition to the ingredients particularly mentioned above, the formulations may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavoring agents.

The term “patient” includes both human and other mammals.

The term “treating” refers to: (i) preventing a disease, disorder or condition from occurring in a patient that may be predisposed to the disease, disorder, and/or condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting the disease, disorder, or condition, i.e., arresting its development; and (iii) relieving the disease, disorder, or condition, i.e., causing regression of the disease, disorder, and/or condition.

The compounds of the present disclosure can also be administered with a cyclosporin, for example, cyclosporin A. Cyclosporin A has been shown to be active against HCV in clinical trials (Hepatology 2003, 38, 1282; Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 313, 42; J. Gastroenterol. 2003, 38, 567).

Table 1 below lists some illustrative examples of compounds that can be administered with the compounds of this disclosure. The compounds of the disclosure can be administered with other anti-HCV activity compounds in combination therapy, either jointly or separately, or by combining the compounds into a composition.

TABLE 1 Type of Physiological Inhibitor Brand Name Class or Target Source Company NIM811 Cyclophilin Novartis Debio-025 inhibitors Debiopharm Zadaxin Immuno- Sciclone modulator Suvus Methylene blue Bioenvision Actilon TLR9 agonist Coley (CPG10101) Batabulin (T67) Anticancer β-Tubulin Tularik Inc., South inhibitor San Francisco, CA ISIS 14803 Antiviral Antisense ISIS Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA/Elan Pharmaceuticals Inc., New York, NY Summetrel Antiviral Antiviral Endo Pharmaceuticals Holdings Inc., Chadds Ford, PA GS-9132 Antiviral HCV inhibitor Achillion/Gilead (ACH-806) Pyrazolopy- Antiviral HCV inhibitors Arrow Therapeutics rimidine Ltd. compounds and salts From WO2005/047288 26 May 2005 Levovirin Antiviral IMPDH Ribapharm Inc., inhibitor Costa Mesa, CA Merimepodib Antiviral IMPDH Vertex (VX-497) inhibitor Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, MA XTL-6865 Antiviral Monoclonal XTL (XTL-002) antibody Biopharmaceuticals Ltd., Rehovot, Israel Telaprevir Antiviral NS3 serine Vertex (VX-950, protease Pharmaceuticals LY-570310) inhibitor Inc., Cambridge, MA/Eli Lilly and Co. Inc., Indianapolis, IN HCV-796 Antiviral NS5B replicase Wyeth/Viropharma inhibitor NM-283 Antiviral NS5B replicase Idenix/Novartis inhibitor GL-59728 Antiviral NS5B replicase Gene Labs/Novartis inhibitor GL-60667 Antiviral NS5B replicase Gene Labs/Novartis inhibitor 2′C MeA Antiviral NS5B replicase Gilead inhibitor PSI 6130 Antiviral NS5B replicase Roche inhibitor R1626 Antiviral NS5B replicase Roche inhibitor 2′C Methyl Antiviral NS5B replicase Merck adenosine inhibitor JTK-003 Antiviral RdRp inhibitor Japan Tobacco Inc., Tokyo, Japan Levovirin Antiviral Ribavirin ICN Pharmaceuticals, Costa Mesa, CA Ribavirin Antiviral Ribavirin Schering-Plough Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ Viramidine Antiviral Ribavirin Ribapharm Inc., prodrug Costa Mesa, CA Heptazyme Antiviral Ribozyme Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boulder, CO BILN-2061 Antiviral Serine protease Boehringer inhibitor Ingelheim Pharma KG, Ingelheim, Germany SCH 503034 Antiviral Serine protease Schering Plough inhibitor Zadazim Immune Immune SciClone modulator modulator Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Mateo, CA Ceplene Immuno- Immune Maxim modulator modulator Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA CellCept Immuno- HCV IgG F. Hoffmann-La suppressant immuno- Roche LTD, Basel, suppressant Switzerland Civacir Immuno- HCV IgG Nabi suppressant immuno- Biopharmaceuticals suppressant Inc., Boca Raton, FL Albuferon-α Interferon Albumin Human Genome IFN-α2b Sciences Inc., Rockville, MD Infergen A Interferon IFN alfacon-1 InterMune Pharmaceuticals Inc., Brisbane, CA Omega IFN Interferon IFN-ω Intarcia Therapeutics IFN-β and Interferon IFN-β and Transition EMZ701 EMZ701 Therapeutics Inc., Ontario, Canada Rebif Interferon IFN-β1a Serono, Geneva, Switzerland Roferon A Interferon IFN-α2a F. Hoffmann-La Roche LTD, Basel, Switzerland Intron A Interferon IFN-α2b Schering-Plough Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ Intron A and Interferon IFN-α2b/αl- RegeneRx Zadaxin thymosin Biopharma. Inc., Bethesda, MD/ SciClone Pharmaceuticals Inc, San Mateo, CA Rebetron Interferon IFN-α2b/ Schering-Plough ribavirin Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ Actimmune Interferon INF-γ InterMune Inc., Brisbane, CA Interferon-β Interferon Interferon-β-1a Serono Multiferon Interferon Long lasting IFN Viragen/Valentis Wellferon Interferon Lymphoblastoid GlaxoSmithKline IFN-αn1 plc, Uxbridge, UK Omniferon Interferon natural IFN-α Viragen Inc., Plantation, FL Pegasys Interferon PEGylated IFN- F. Hoffmann-La α2a Roche LTD, Basel, Switzerland Pegasys and Interferon PEGylated IFN- Maxim Ceplene α2a/immune Pharmaceuticals modulator Inc., San Diego, CA Pegasys and Interferon PEGylated IFN- F. Hoffmann-La Ribavirin α2a/ribavirin Roche LTD, Basel, Switzerland PEG-Intron Interferon PEGylated IFN- Schering-Plough α2b Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ PEG-Intron/ Interferon PEGylated IFN- Schering-Plough Ribavirin α2b/ribavirin Corporation, Kenilworth, NJ IP-501 Liver Antifibrotic Indevus protection Pharmaceuticals Inc., Lexington, MA IDN-6556 Liver Caspase Idun protection inhibitor Pharmaceuticals Inc., San Diego, CA ITMN-191 Antiviral Serine protease InterMune (R-7227) inhibitor Pharmaceuticals Inc., Brisbane, CA GL-59728 Antiviral NS5B replicase Genelabs inhibitor ANA-971 Antiviral TLR-7 agonist Anadys Boceprevir Antiviral Serine protease Schering Plough inhibitor TMS-435 Antiviral Serine protease Tibotec BVBA, inhibitor Mechelen, Belgium BI-201335 Antiviral Serine protease Boehringer inhibitor Ingelheim Pharma KG, Ingelheim, Germany MK-7009 Antiviral Serine protease Merck inhibitor PF-00868554 Antiviral Replicase Pfizer inhibitor ANA598 Antiviral Non-Nucleoside Anadys NS5B Pharmaceuticals, polymerase Inc., San Diego, CA, inhibitor USA IDX375 Antiviral Non-Nucleoside Idenix replicase Pharmaceuticals, inhibitor Cambridge, MA, USA BILB 1941 Antiviral NS5B Boehringer polymerase Ingelheim Canada inhibitor Ltd R&D, Laval, QC, Canada PSI-7851 Antiviral Nucleoside Pharmasset, polymerase Princeton, NJ, USA inhibitor VCH-759 Antiviral NS5B ViroChem Pharma polymerase inhibitor VCH-916 Antiviral NS5B ViroChem Pharma polymerase inhibitor GS-9190 Antiviral NS5B Gilead polymerase inhibitor Peg-interferon Antiviral Interferon ZymoGenetics/ lamda Bristol-Myers Squibb

The compounds of the present disclosure may also be used as laboratory reagents. Compounds may be instrumental in providing research tools for designing of viral replication assays, validation of animal assay systems and structural biology studies to further enhance knowledge of the HCV disease mechanisms. Further, the compounds of the present disclosure are useful in establishing or determining the binding site of other antiviral compounds, for example, by competitive inhibition.

The compounds of this disclosure may also be used to treat or prevent viral contamination of materials and therefore reduce the risk of viral infection of laboratory or medical personnel or patients who come in contact with such materials, e.g., blood, tissue, surgical instruments and garments, laboratory instruments and garments, and blood collection or transfusion apparatuses and materials.

This disclosure is intended to encompass compounds having Formula (I) when prepared by synthetic processes or by metabolic processes including those occurring in the human or animal body (in vivo) or processes occurring in vitro.

The abbreviations used in the present application, including particularly in the illustrative examples which follow, are well-known to those skilled in the art. Some of the abbreviations used are as follows:

-   Me methyl -   Et ethyl; -   t-Bu tert-butyl; -   iPr isopropyl; -   min minutes; -   rt or RT room temperature or retention time (context will dictate); -   TFA trifluoroacetic acid; -   h or hr hours; -   DMSO dimethylsulfoxide; -   DME dimethyl ether; -   LDA Lithium diisopropylamide; -   NBS N-Bromosuccinimide; -   SEM-Cl 2-(Trimethylsilyl)ethoxymethyl chloride; -   TBAF tetrabutylammonium fluoride; -   HATU O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium     hexafluorophosphate; -   iPr₂EtN diisopropylethylamine; -   DIEA diisopropylethylamine; -   DIPEA diisopropylethylamine; -   Hunig's diisopropylethylamine; -   Boc or BOC tert-butoxycarbonyl; -   DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine; -   HCl hydrochloric acid; -   Na₂SO₄ sodium sulfate; -   MgSO₄ magnesium sulfate; -   PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II)dichloride; MCX -   cartridge Waters Oasis® MCX LP extraction cartridge.

The present disclosure will now be described in connection with certain embodiments which are not intended to limit its scope. On the contrary, the present disclosure covers all alternatives, modifications, and equivalents as can be included within the scope of the claims. Thus, the following examples, which include specific embodiments, will illustrate one practice of the present disclosure, it being understood that the examples are for the purposes of illustration of certain embodiments and are presented to provide what is believed to be the most useful and readily understood description of its procedures and conceptual aspects.

Starting materials can be obtained from commercial sources or prepared by well-established literature methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art.

Synthetic Methods Scheme 1 Substituted Phenylglycine Derivatives

Substituted phenylglycine derivatives can be prepared by a number of methods shown below. Phenylglycine t-butyl ester can be reductively alkylated (pathway A) with an appropriate aldehyde and a reductant such as sodium cyanoborohydride in acidic medium. Hydrolysis of the t-butyl ester can be accomplished with strong acid such as HCl or trifluoroacetic acid. Alternatively, phenylglycine can be alkylated with an alkyl halide such as ethyl iodide and a base such as sodium bicarbonate or potassium carbonate (pathway B). Pathway C illustrates reductive alkylation of phenylglycine as in pathway A followed by a second reductive alkylation with an alternate aldehyde such as formaldehyde in the presence of a reducing agent and acid. Pathway D illustrates the synthesis of substituted phenylglycines via the corresponding mandelic acid analogs. Conversion of the secondary alcohol to a competent leaving group can be accomplished with p-toluensulfonyl chloride. Displacement of the tosylate group with an appropriate amine followed by reductive removal of the benzyl ester can provide substituted phenylglycine derivatives. In pathway E a racemic substituted phenylglycine derivative is resolved by esterification with an enantiomerically pure chiral auxiliary such as but not limited to (+)-1-phenylethanol, (−)-1-phenylethanol, an Evan's oxazolidinone, or enantiomerically pure pantolactone. Separation of the diastereomers is accomplished via chromatography (silica gel, HPLC, crystallization, etc) followed by removal of the chiral auxiliary providing enantiomerically pure phenylglycine derivatives. Pathway H illustrates a synthetic sequence which intersects with pathway E wherein the aforementioned chiral auxiliary is installed prior to amine addition. Alternatively, an ester of an arylacetic acid can be brominated with a source of bromonium ion such as bromine, N-bromosuccinimide, or CBr₄. The resultant benzylic bromide can be displaced with a variety of mono- or disubstituted amines in the presence of a tertiary amine base such as triethylamine or Hunig's base. Hydrolysis of the methyl ester via treatment with lithium hydroxide at low temperature or 6N HCl at elevated temperature provides the substituted phenylglycine derivatives. Another method is shown in pathway G. Glycine analogs can be derivatized with a variety of aryl halides in the presence of a source of palladium (0) such as palladium bis(tributylphosphine) and base such as potassium phosphate. The resultant ester can then be hydrolyzed by treatment with base or acid. It should be understood that other well known methods to prepare phenylglycine derivatives exist in the art and can be amended to provide the desired compounds in this description. It should also be understood that the final phenylglycine derivatives can be purified to enantiomeric purity greater than 98% ee via preparative HPLC.

In another embodiment of the present disclosure, acylated phenylglycine derivatives may be prepared as illustrated below. Phenylglycine derivatives wherein the carboxylic acid is protected as an easily removed ester, may be acylated with an acid chloride in the presence of a base such as triethylamine to provide the corresponding amides (pathway A). Pathway B illustrates the acylation of the starting phenylglycine derivative with an appropriate chloroformate while pathway C shows reaction with an appropriate isocyanate or carbamoyl chloride. Each of the three intermediates shown in pathways A-C may be deprotected by methods known by those skilled in the art (ie; treatment of the t-butyl ester with strong base such as HCl or trifluoroacetic acid).

Amino-substituted phenylacetic acids may be prepared by treatment of a chloromethylphenylacetic acid with an excess of an amine

Synthesis of Common Caps Compound Analysis Conditions

Purity assessment and low resolution mass analysis were conducted on a Shimadzu LC system coupled with Waters MICROMASS® ZQ MS system. It should be noted that retention times may vary slightly between machines. Additional LC conditions applicable to the current section, unless noted otherwise.

Cond.-MS-W1 Column=XTERRA® 3.0×50 mm S7 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=2 min Stop time=3 min Flow Rate=5 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-MS-W2 Column=XTERRA® 3.0×50 mm S7 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-MS-W5 Column=XTERRA® 3.0×50 mm S7 Start % B=0 Final % B=30

Gradient time=2 min Stop time=3 min Flow Rate=5 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-D1 Column=XTERRA® C18 3.0×50 mm S7 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-D2 Column=PHENOMENEX® Luna 4.6×50 mm S10 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-M3 Column=XTERRA® C18 3.0×50 mm S7 Start % B=0 Final % B=40

Gradient time=2 min Stop time=3 min Flow Rate=5 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Condition I Column=PHENOMENEX® Luna 3.0×50 mm S10 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=2 min Stop time=3 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Condition II Column=PHENOMENEX® Luna 4.6×50 mm S10 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=2 min Stop time=3 min Flow Rate=5 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Condition III Column=XTERRA® C18 3.0×50 mm S7 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cap-1

(R)-2-(Dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid

A suspension of 10% Pd/C (2.0 g) in methanol (10 mL) was added to a mixture of (R)-2-phenylglycine (10 g, 66.2 mmol), formaldehyde (33 mL of 37% wt. in water), 1N HCl (30 mL) and methanol (30 mL), and exposed to H₂ (60 psi) for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®), and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude material was recrystallized from isopropanol to provide the HCl salt of Cap-1 as a white needle (4.0 g). Optical rotation: −117.1° [c=9.95 mg/mL in H₂O; λ=589 nm]. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 7.43-7.34 (m, 5H), 4.14 (s, 1H), 2.43 (s, 6H); LC (Condition I): RT=0.25; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₄NO₂ 180.10. found 180.17. HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₄NO₂ 180.1025. found 180.1017.

Cap-2

(R)-2-(Diethylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid

NaBH₃CN (6.22 g, 94 mmol) was added in portions over a few minutes to a cooled (ice/water) mixture of (R)-2-Phenylglycine (6.02 g, 39.8 mmol) and methanol (100 mL), and stirred for 5 minutes. Acetaldehyde (10 mL) was added dropwise over 10 minutes and stirring was continued at the same cooled temperature for 45 minutes and at ambient temperature for ˜6.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled back with ice-water bath, treated with water (3 mL) and then quenched with a dropwise addition of concentrated HCl over ˜45 minutes until the pH of the mixture was ˜1.5-2.0. The cooling bath was removed and the stirring was continued while adding concentrated HCl in order to maintain the pH of the mixture around 1.5-2.0. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight, filtered to remove the white suspension, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The crude material was recrystallized from ethanol to afford the HCl salt of Cap-2 as a shining white solid in two crops (crop-1: 4.16 g; crop-2: 2.19 g). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): 10.44 (1.00, br s, 1H), 7.66 (m, 2H), 7.51 (m, 3H), 5.30 (s, 1H), 3.15 (br m, 2H), 2.98 (br m, 2H), 1.20 (app br s, 6H). Crop-1: [α]²⁵ −102.21° (c=0.357, H₂O); crop-2: [α]²⁵ −99.7° (c=0.357, H₂O). LC (Condition I): RT=0.43 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₈NO₂: 208.13. found 208.26.

Cap-3

Acetaldehyde (5.0 mL, 89.1 mmol) and a suspension of 10% Pd/C (720 mg) in methanol/H₂O (4 mL/1 mL) was sequentially added to a cooled (˜15° C.) mixture of (R)-2-phenylglycine (3.096 g, 20.48 mmol), 1N HCl (30 mL) and methanol (40 mL). The cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred under a balloon of H₂ for 17 hours. An additional acetaldehyde (10 mL, 178.2 mmol) was added and stirring continued under H₂ atmosphere for 24 hours [Note: the supply of H₂ was replenished as needed throughout the reaction]. The reaction mixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®), and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude material was recrystallized from isopropanol to provide the HCl salt of (R)-2-(ethylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid as a shining white solid (2.846 g). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 14.15 (br s, 1H), 9.55 (br s, 2H), 7.55-7.48 (m, 5H), 2.88 (br m, 1H), 2.73 (br m, 1H), 1.20 (app t, J=7.2, 3H). LC (Condition I): RT=0.39 min; >95% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₄NO₂: 180.10. found 180.18.

A suspension of 10% Pd/C (536 mg) in methanol/H₂O (3 mL/1 mL) was added to a mixture of (R)-2-(ethylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid/HCl (1.492 g, 6.918 mmol), formaldehyde (20 mL of 37% wt. in water), 1N HCl (20 mL) and methanol (23 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred under a balloon of H₂ for ˜72 hours, where the H₂ supply was replenished as needed. The reaction mixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®) and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude material was recrystallized from isopropanol (50 mL) to provide the HCl salt of Cap-3 as a white solid (985 mg). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 10.48 (br s, 1H), 7.59-7.51 (m, 5H), 5.26 (s, 1H), 3.08 (app br s, 2H), 2.65 (br s, 3H), 1.24 (br m, 3H). LC (Condition I): RT=0.39 min; >95% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₆NO₂: 194.12. found 194.18; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₆NO₂: 194.1180. found 194.1181.

Cap-4

(R)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid

ClCO₂Me (3.2 mL, 41.4 mmol) was added dropwise to a cooled (ice/water) THF (410 mL) semi-solution of (R)-tert-butyl 2-amino-2-phenylacetate/HCl (9.877 g, 40.52 mmol) and diisopropylethylamine (14.2 mL, 81.52 mmol) over 6 min, and stirred at similar temperature for 5.5 hours. The volatile component was removed in vacuo, and the residue was partitioned between water (100 mL) and ethyl acetate (200 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl (25 mL) and saturated NaHCO₃ solution (30 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant colorless oil was triturated from hexanes, filtered and washed with hexanes (100 mL) to provide (R)-tert-butyl 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-phenylacetate as a white solid (7.7 g). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): 7.98 (d, J=8.0, 1H), 7.37-7.29 (m, 5H), 5.09 (d, J=8, 1H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 9H). LC (Condition I): RT=1.53 min; ˜90% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₄H₁₉NNaO₄: 288.12. found 288.15.

TFA (16 mL) was added dropwise to a cooled (ice/water) CH₂Cl₂ (160 mL) solution of the above product over 7 minutes, and the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 hours. Since the deprotection was still not complete, an additional TFA (1.0 mL) was added and stirring continued for an additional 2 hours. The volatile component was removed in vacuo, and the resulting oil residue was treated with diethyl ether (15 mL) and hexanes (12 mL) to provide a precipitate. The precipitate was filtered and washed with diethyl ether/hexanes (˜1:3 ratio; 30 mL) and dried in vacuo to provide Cap-4 as a fluffy white solid (5.57 g). Optical rotation: −176.9° [c=3.7 mg/mL in H₂O; λ==589 nm]. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 12.84 (br s, 1H), 7.96 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 7.41-7.29 (m, 5H), 5.14 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 3.55 (s, 3H). LC (Condition I): RT=1.01 min; >95% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₂NO₄ 210.08. found 210.17; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₂NO₄ 210.0766. found 210.0756.

Cap-5

A mixture of (R)-2-phenylglycine (1.0 g, 6.62 mmol), 1,4-dibromobutane (1.57 g, 7.27 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (2.10 g, 19.8 mmol) in ethanol (40 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 21 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in ethanol and acidified with 1N HCl to pH 3-4, and the volatile component was removed in vacuo. The resulting crude material was purified by a reverse phase HPLC (water/methanol/TFA) to provide the TFA salt of Cap-5 as a semi-viscous white foam (1.0 g). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5, 500 MHz) δ 10.68 (br s, 1H), 7.51 (m, 5H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 3.34 (app br s, 2H), 3.05 (app br s, 2H), 1.95 (app br s, 4H); RT=0.30 minutes (Condition I); >98% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₆NO₂: 206.12. found 206.25.

Cap-6

The TFA salt of Cap-6 was synthesized from (R)-2-phenylglycine and 1-bromo-2-(2-bromoethoxy)ethane by using the method of preparation of Cap-5. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5, 500 MHz) δ 12.20 (br s, 1H), 7.50 (m, 5H), 4.92 (s, 1H), 3.78 (app br s, 4H), 3.08 (app br s, 2H), 2.81 (app br s, 2H); RT=0.32 minutes (Condition I); >98%; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₆NO₃: 222.11. found 222.20; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₆NO₃: 222.1130. found 222.1121.

Cap-7

A CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) solution of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (8.65 g, 45.4 mmol) was added dropwise to a cooled (−5° C.) CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL) solution of (S)-benzyl 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetate (10.0 g, 41.3 mmol), triethylamine (5.75 mL, 41.3 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (0.504 g, 4.13 mmol), while maintaining the temperature between −5° C. and 0° C. The reaction was stirred at 0° C. for 9 hours, and then stored in a freezer (−25° C.) for 14 hours. It was allowed to thaw to ambient temperature and washed with water (200 mL), 1N HCl (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide benzyl 2-phenyl-2-(tosyloxy)acetate as a viscous oil which solidified upon standing (16.5 g). The chiral integrity of the product was not checked and that product was used for the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5, 500 MHz) δ 7.78 (d, J=8.6, 2H), 7.43-7.29 (m, 10H), 7.20 (m, 2H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 5.16 (d, J=12.5, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=12.5, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H). RT=3.00 (Condition III); >90% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₂H₂₀NaO₅S: 419.09. found 419.04.

A THF (75 mL) solution of benzyl 2-phenyl-2-(tosyloxy)acetate (6.0 g, 15.1 mmol), 1-methylpiperazine (3.36 mL, 30.3 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (13.2 mL, 75.8 mmol) was heated at 65° C. for 7 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool to ambient temperature and the volatile component was removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between ethylacetate and water, and the organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude material was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, ethyl acetate) to provide benzyl 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetate as an orangish-brown viscous oil (4.56 g). Chiral HPLC analysis (CHIRALCEL® OD-H) indicated that the sample is a mixture of stereoisomers in a 38.2 to 58.7 ratio. The separation of the stereoisomers were effected as follow: the product was dissolved in 120 mL of ethanol/heptane (1:1) and injected (5 mL/injection) on chiral HPLC column (Chiracel OJ, 5 cm ID×50 cm L, 20 μm) eluting with 85:15 Heptane/ethanol at 75 mL/min, and monitored at 220 nm. Stereoisomer-1 (1.474 g) and stereoisomer-2 (2.2149 g) were retrieved as viscous oil. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ=7.26, 500 MHz) 7.44-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.24 (m, 6H), 7.21-7.16 (m, 2H), 5.13 (d, J=12.5, 1H), 5.08 (d, J=12.5, 1H), 4.02 (s, 1H), 2.65-2.38 (app br s, 8H), 2.25 (s, 3H). RT=2.10 (Condition III); >98% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₀H₂₅N₂O₂: 325.19. found 325.20.

A methanol (10 mL) solution of either stereoisomer of benzyl 2-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetate (1.0 g, 3.1 mmol) was added to a suspension of 10% Pd/C (120 mg) in methanol (5.0 mL). The reaction mixture was exposed to a balloon of hydrogen, under a careful monitoring, for <50 minutes. Immediately after the completion of the reaction, the catalyst was filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®) and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to provide Cap-7, contaminated with phenylacetic acid as a tan foam (867.6 mg; mass is above the theoretical yield). The product was used for the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5, 500 MHz) δ 7.44-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.24 (m, 3H), 3.92 (s, 1H), 2.63-2.48 (app. br s, 2H), 2.48-2.32 (m, 6H), 2.19 (s, 3H); RT=0.31 (Condition II); >90% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₁₉N₂O₂: 235.14. found 235.15; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₁₉N₂O₂: 235.1447. found 235.1440.

The synthesis of Cap-8 and Cap-9 was conducted according to the synthesis of Cap-7 by using appropriate amines for the SN₂ displacement step (i.e., 4-hydroxypiperidine for Cap-8 and (S)-3-fluoropyrrolidine for Cap-9) and modified conditions for the separation of the respective stereoisomeric intermediates, as described below.

Cap-8

The stereoisomeric separation of the intermediate benzyl 2-(4-hydroxypiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenyl acetate was effected by employing the following conditions: the compound (500 mg) was dissolved in ethanol/heptane (5 mL/45 mL). The resulting solution was injected (5 mL/injection) on a chiral HPLC column (Chiracel OJ, 2 cm ID×25 cm L, 10 μm) eluting with 80:20 heptane/ethanol at 10 mL/min, monitored at 220 nm, to provide 186.3 mg of stereoisomer-1 and 209.1 mg of stereoisomer-2 as light-yellow viscous oils. These benzyl ester was hydrogenolysed according to the preparation of Cap-7 to provide Cap-8: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5, 500 MHz) 7.40 (d, J=7, 2H), 7.28-7.20 (m, 3H), 3.78 (s 1H), 3.46 (m, 1H), 2.93 (m, 1H), 2.62 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m, 2H), 1.70 (m, 2H), 1.42 (m, 2H). RT=0.28 (Condition II); >98% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₁₈NO₃: 236.13. found 236.07; HRMS: Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₁₈NO₃: 236.1287. found 236.1283.

Cap-9

The diastereomeric separation of the intermediate benzyl 2-((S)-3-fluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetate was effected by employing the following conditions: the ester (220 mg) was separated on a chiral HPLC column (Chiracel OJ-H, 0.46 cm ID×25 cm L, 5 μm) eluting with 95% CO₂/5% methanol with 0.1% TFA, at 10 bar pressure, 70 mL/min flow rate, and a temperature of 35° C. The HPLC elute for the respective stereoisomers was concentrated, and the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) and washed with an aqueous medium (10 mL water+1 mL saturated NaHCO₃ solution). The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide 92.5 mg of fraction−1 and 59.6 mg of fraction−2. These benzyl esters were hydrogenolysed according to the preparation of Cap-7 to prepare Cap-9a and Cap-9b. Cap-9a (diastereomer-1; the sample is a TFA salt as a result of purification on a reverse phase HPLC using H₂O/methanol/TFA solvent): ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5, 400 MHz) 7.55-7.48 (m, 5H), 5.38 (d of m, J=53.7, 1H), 5.09 (br s, 1H), 3.84-2.82 (br m, 4H), 2.31-2.09 (m, 2H). RT=0.42 (Condition I); >95% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₅FNO₂: 224.11. found 224.14; Cap-9b (diastereomer-2): ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5, 400 MHz) 7.43-7.21 (m, 5H), 5.19 (d of m, J=55.9, 1H), 3.97 (s, 1H), 2.95-2.43 (m, 4H), 2.19-1.78 (m, 2H). RT=0.44 (Condition I); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₅FNO₂: 224.11. found 224.14.

Cap-10

To a solution of D-proline (2.0 g, 17 mmol) and formaldehyde (2.0 mL of 37% wt. in H₂O) in methanol (15 mL) was added a suspension of 10% Pd/C (500 mg) in methanol (5 mL). The mixture was stirred under a balloon of hydrogen for 23 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®) and concentrated in vacuo to provide Cap-10 as an off-white solid (2.15 g). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5, 500 MHz) 3.42 (m, 1H), 3.37 (dd, J=9.4, 6.1, 1H), 2.85-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.66 (s, 3H), 2.21-2.13 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.66 (m, 1H). RT=0.28 (Condition II); >98% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₆H₁₂NO₂: 130.09. found 129.96.

Cap-11

A mixture of (2S,4R)-4-fluoropyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (0.50 g, 3.8 mmol), formaldehyde (0.5 mL of 37% wt. in H₂O), 12 N HCl (0.25 mL) and 10% Pd/C (50 mg) in methanol (20 mL) was stirred under a balloon of hydrogen for 19 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®) and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was recrystallized from isopropanol to provide the HCl salt of Cap-11 as a white solid (337.7 mg). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5, 500 MHz) 5.39 (d m, J=53.7, 1H), 4.30 (m, 1H), 3.90 (ddd, J=31.5, 13.5, 4.5, 1H), 3.33 (dd, J=25.6, 13.4, 1H), 2.85 (s, 3H), 2.60-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.39-2.26 (m, 1H). RT=0.28 (Condition II); >98% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₆H₁₁FNO₂: 148.08. found 148.06.

Cap-12 Same as Cap-52

(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)propanoic acid

L-Alanine (2.0 g, 22.5 mmol) was dissolved in 10% aqueous sodium carbonate solution (50 mL), and a THF (50 mL) solution of methyl chloroformate (4.0 mL) was added to it. The reaction mixture was stirred under ambient conditions for 4.5 hours and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting white solid was dissolved in water and acidified with 1N HCl to a pH ˜2-3. The resulting solutions was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL), and the combined organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to provide a colorless oil (2.58 g). 500 mg of this material was purified by a reverse phase HPLC (H₂O/methanol/TFA) to provide 150 mg of Cap-12 as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5, 500 MHz) 7.44 (d, J=7.3, 0.8H), 7.10 (br s, 0.2H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 1.25 (d, J=7.3, 3H).

Cap-13

A mixture of L-alanine (2.5 g, 28 mmol), formaldehyde (8.4 g, 37 wt. %), 1N HCl (30 mL) and 10% Pd/C (500 mg) in methanol (30 mL) was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere (50 psi) for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®) and the filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to provide the HCl salt of Cap-13 as an oil which solidified upon standing under vacuum (4.4 g; the mass is above theoretical yield). The product was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5, 500 MHz) δ 12.1 (br s, 1H), 4.06 (q, J=7.4, 1H), 2.76 (s, 6H), 1.46 (d, J=7.3, 3H).

Cap-14

(R)-2-Phenyl-2-(piperidin-1-yl)acetic acid

Step 1: A mixture of (R)-(−)-D-phenylglycine tert-butyl ester (3.00 g, 12.3 mmol), NaBH₃CN (0.773 g, 12.3 mmol), KOH (0.690 g, 12.3 mmol) and acetic acid (0.352 mL, 6.15 mmol) were stirred in methanol at 0° C. To this mixture was added glutaric dialdehyde (2.23 mL, 12.3 mmol) dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was stirred as it was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stirring was continued at the same temperature for 16 hours. The solvent was subsequently removed and the residue was partitioned with 10% aqueous NaOH and ethyl acetate. The organic phase was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to dryness to provide a clear oil. This material was purified by reverse-phase preparative HPLC (Primesphere C-18, 30×100 mm; CH₃CN—H₂O-0.1% TFA) to give the intermediate ester (2.70 g, 56%) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.53-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.40-7.37 (m, 2H), 3.87 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 2.99 (t, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 2.59 (t, J=11.4 Hz, 1H), 2.07-2.02 (m, 2H), 1.82 (d, J=1.82 Hz, 3H), 1.40 (s, 9H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇H₂₅NO₂: 275. found: 276 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: To a stirred solution of the intermediate ester (1.12 g, 2.88 mmol) in dichloromethane (10 mL) was added TFA (3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 hours and then it was concentrated to dryness to give a light yellow oil. The oil was purified using reverse-phase preparative HPLC (Primesphere C-18, 30×100 mm; CH₃CN—H₂O-0.1% TFA). The appropriate fractions were combined and concentrated to dryness in vacuo. The residue was then dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol and applied to applied to MCX LP extraction cartridges (2×6 g). The cartridges were rinsed with methanol (40 mL) and then the desired compound was eluted using 2M ammonia in methanol (50 mL). Product-containing fractions were combined and concentrated and the residue was taken up in water. Lyophilization of this solution provided the title compound (0.492 g, 78%) as a light yellow solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆) δ 7.50 (s, 5H), 5.13 (s, 1H), 3.09 (br s, 2H), 2.92-2.89 (m, 2H), 1.74 (m, 4H), 1.48 (br s, 2H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃H₁₇NO₂: 219. found: 220 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-15

Step 1: (S)-1-Phenylethyl 2-bromo-2-phenylacetate. To a mixture of α-bromophenylacetic acid (10.75 g, 0.050 mol), (S)-(−)-1-phenylethanol (7.94 g, 0.065 mol) and DMAP (0.61 g, 5.0 mmol) in dry dichloromethane (100 mL) was added solid EDCI (12.46 g, 0.065 mol) all at once. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature under Ar for 18 hours and then it was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed (H₂O×2, brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to give a pale yellow oil. Flash chromatography (SiO₂/hexane-ethyl acetate, 4:1) of this oil provided the title compound (11.64 g, 73%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.53-7.17 (m, 10H), 5.95 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 0.5H), 5.94 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 0.5H), 5.41 (s, 0.5H), 5.39 (s, 0.5H), 1.58 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1.5H), 1.51 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 1.5H).

Step 2: (S)-1-Phenylethyl(R)-2-(4-hydroxy-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetate. To a solution of (S)-1-phenylethyl 2-bromo-2-phenylacetate (0.464 g, 1.45 mmol) in THF (8 mL) was added triethylamine (0.61 mL, 4.35 mmol), followed by tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.215 g, 0.58 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes and then a solution of 4-methyl-4-hydroxypiperidine (0.251 g, 2.18 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature and then it was heated at 55-60° C. (oil bath temperature) for 4 hours. The cooled reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL), washed (H₂O×2, brine), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-60% ethyl acetate-hexane) to provide first the (S,R)-isomer of the title compound (0.306 g, 60%) as a white solid and then the corresponding (S,S)-isomer (0.120 g, 23%), also as a white solid. (S,R)-isomer: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.51-7.45 (m, 2H), 7.41-7.25 (m, 8H), 5.85 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (s, 1H), 2.56-2.45 (m, 2H), 2.41-2.29 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.49 (m, 4H), 1.38 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 1.18 (s, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₂₂H₂₇NO₃: 353. found: 354 (M+H)⁺. (S,S)-isomer: ¹H NMR (CD₃OD) δ 7.41-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.20-7.14 (m, 3H), 7.06-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.85 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.06 (s, 1H), 2.70-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.51 (dt, J=6.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.31 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.65-1.54 (m, 3H), 1.50 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.20 (s, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₂₂H₂₇NO₃: 353. found: 354 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: (R)-2-(4-Hydroxy-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid. To a solution of (S)-1-phenylethyl(R)-2-(4-hydroxy-4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetate (0.185 g, 0.52 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The volatiles were subsequently removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by reverse-phase preparative HPLC (Primesphere C-18, 20×100 mm; CH₃CN—H₂O-0.1% TFA) to give the title compound (as TFA salt) as a pale bluish solid (0.128 g, 98%). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄H₁₉NO₃: 249. found: 250 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-16

Step 1: (S)-1-Phenylethyl 2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetate. A mixture of 2-fluorophenylacetic acid (5.45 g, 35.4 mmol), (S)-1-phenylethanol (5.62 g, 46.0 mmol), EDCI (8.82 g, 46.0 mmol) and DMAP (0.561 g, 4.60 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 12 hours. The solvent was then concentrated and the residue partitioned with H₂O-ethyl acetate. The phases were separated and the aqueous layer back-extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). The combined organic phases were washed (H₂O, brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (BIOTAGE®/0-20% ethyl acetate-hexane) to provide the title compound as a colorless oil (8.38 g, 92%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.32-7.23 (m, 7H), 7.10-7.04 (m, 2), 5.85 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (s, 2H), 1.48 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H).

Step 2: (R)—((S)-1-Phenylethyl) 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)acetate. To a solution of (S)-1-phenylethyl 2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetate (5.00 g, 19.4 mmol) in THF (1200 mL) at 0° C. was added DBU (6.19 g, 40.7 mmol) and the solution was allowed to warm to room temperature while stirring for 30 minutes. The solution was then cooled to −78° C. and a solution of CBr₄ (13.5 g, 40.7 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added and the mixture was allowed to warm to −10° C. and stirred at this temperature for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aq. NH₄Cl and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was back-extracted with ethyl acetate (2×) and the combined organic phases were washed (H₂O, brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. To the residue was added piperidine (5.73 mL, 58.1 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 hours. The volatiles were then concentrated in vacuo and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (BIOTAGE®/0-30% diethyl ether-hexane) to provide a pure mixture of diastereomers (2:1 ratio by ¹H NMR) as a yellow oil (2.07 g, 31%), along with unreacted starting material (2.53 g, 51%). Further chromatography of the diastereomeric mixture (BIOTAGE®/0-10% diethyl ether-toluene) provided the title compound as a colorless oil (0.737 g, 11%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.52 (ddd, J=9.4, 7.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.40 (m, 1), 7.23-7.23 (m, 4H), 7.02-7.23 (m, 4H), 5.86 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.45 (s, 1H), 2.39-2.45 (m, 4H), 1.52-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.40-1.42 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₄FNO₂: 341. found: 342 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: (R)-2-(2-Fluorophenyl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)acetic acid. A mixture of (R)—((S)-1-phenylethyl) 2-(2-fluorophenyl)-2-(piperidin-1-yl)acetate (0.737 g, 2.16 mmol) and 20% Pd(OH)₂/C (0.070 g) in ethanol (30 mL) was hydrogenated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure (H₂ balloon) for 2 hours. The solution was then purged with Ar, filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®), and concentrated in vacuo. This provided the title compound as a colorless solid (0.503 g, 98%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.65 (ddd, J=9.1, 7.6, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.47-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.21-7.30 (m, 2H), 3.07-3.13 (m, 4H), 1.84 (br s, 4H), 1.62 (br s, 2H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃H₁₆FNO₂: 237. found: 238 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-17

Step 1: (S)-1-Phenylethyl(R)-2-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetate. To a solution of (S)-1-phenylethyl 2-bromo-2-phenylacetate (1.50 g, 4.70 mmol) in THF (25 mL) was added triethylamine (1.31 mL, 9.42 mmol), followed by tetrabutylammonium iodide (0.347 g, 0.94 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes and then a solution of 4-phenyl-4-hydroxypiperidine (1.00 g, 5.64 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 16 hours and then it was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL), washed (H₂O×2, brine), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified on a silica gel column (0-60% ethyl acetate-hexane) to provide an approximately 2:1 mixture of diastereomers, as judged by ¹H NMR. Separation of these isomers was performed using supercritical fluid chromatography (CHIRALCEL® OJ-H, 30×250 mm; 20% ethanol in CO₂ at 35° C.), to give first the (R)-isomer of the title compound (0.534 g, 27%) as a yellow oil and then the corresponding (S)-isomer (0.271 g, 14%), also as a yellow oil. (S,R)-isomer: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.55-7.47 (m, 4H), 7.44-7.25 (m, 10H), 7.25-7.17 (m, 1H), 5.88 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (s, 1H), 2.82-2.72 (m, 1H), 2.64 (dt, J=11.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.58-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.40 (dt, J=11.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.20 (dt, J=12.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.10 (dt, J=12.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.72-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.53 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₂₇H₂₉NO₃: 415. found: 416 (M+H)⁺; (S,S)-isomer: H¹NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.55-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.30 (m, 5H), 7.25-7.13 (m, 4H), 7.08-7.00 (m, 2H), 5.88 (q, J=6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.12 (s, 1H), 2.95-2.85 (m, 1H), 2.68 (dt, J=11.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.57-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.42 (dt, J=11.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 2.25 (dt, J=12.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.12 (dt, J=12.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J=13.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.64 (dd, J=13.6, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 1.40 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₂₂H₂₉NO₃: 415. found: 416 (M+H)⁺.

The following esters were prepared in similar fashion:

Intermediate-17a

Diastereomer 1: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.36 (d, J = 6.41 Hz, 3H) 2.23-2.51 (m, 4H) 3.35 (s, 4H) 4.25 (s, 1H) 5.05 (s, 2H) 5.82 (d, J = 6.71 Hz, 1H) 7.15-7.52 (m, 15H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₄ 458.22; found: 459.44 (M + H)⁺. Diastereomer 2: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.45 (d, J = 6.71 Hz, 3H) 2.27-2.44 (m, 4H) 3.39 (s, 4H) 4.23 (s, 1H) 5.06 (s, 2H) 5.83 (d, J = 6.71 Hz, 1H) 7.12 (dd, J = 6.41, 3.05 Hz, 2H) 7.19-7.27 (m, 3H) 7.27-7.44 (m, 10H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₂₈H₃₀N₂O₄ 458.22; found: 459.44 (M + H)⁺. Intermediate-17b

Diastereomer 1: RT = 11.76 minutes (Condition II); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₂₀N₂₂N₂O₃ 338.16; found: 339.39 (M + H)⁺. Diastereomer 2: RT = 10.05 minutes (Condition II). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₂₀N₂₂N₂O₃ 338.16; found: 339.39 (M + H)⁺. Intermediate-17c

Diastereomer 1: T_(R) = 4.55 minutes (Condition I); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₂₁H₂₆N₂O₂ 338.20; found: 339.45 (M + H)⁺. Diastereomer 2: T_(R) = 6.00 minutes (Condition I). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₂₁H₂₆N₂O₂ 338.20; found: 339.45 (M + H)⁺. Intermediate-17d

Diastereomer 1: RT = 7.19 minutes (Condition I); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₂₇H₂₉NO₂ 399.22; found: 400.48 (M + H)⁺. Diastereomer 2: RT = 9.76 minutes (Condition I); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₂₇H₂₉NO₂ 399.22; found: 400.48 (M + H)⁺.

Chiral SFC Conditions for Determining Retention Time: Condition I Column: CHIRALPAK® AD-H Column, 4.62×50 mm, 5 μm

Solvents: 90% CO₂-10% methanol with 0.1% DEA

Temp: 35° C. Pressure: 150 bar

Flow rate: 2.0 mL/min. UV monitored at 220 nm Injection: 1.0 mg/3 mL methanol

Condition II Column: CHIRALCEL® OD-H Column, 4.62×50 mm, 5 μm

Solvents: 90% CO₂-10% methanol with 0.1% DEA

Temp: 35° C. Pressure: 150 bar

Flow rate: 2.0 mL/min. UV monitored at 220 nm Injection: 1.0 mg/mL methanol

Cap-17, Step 2: (R)-2-(4-Hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetic acid. To a solution of (S)-1-phenylethyl(R)-2-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidin-1-yl)-2-phenylacetate (0.350 g, 0.84 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 mL) was added trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The volatiles were subsequently removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by reverse-phase preparative HPLC (Primesphere C-18, 20×100 mm; CH₃CN—H₂O-0.1% TFA) to give the title compound (as TFA salt) as a white solid (0.230 g, 88%). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₉H₂₁NO₃: 311.15. found: 312 (M+H)⁺.

The following carboxylic acids were prepared in optically pure form in a similar fashion:

Cap-17a

RT = 2.21 (Condition II); ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 2.20-2.35 (m, 2H) 2.34-2.47 (m, 2H) 3.37 (s, 4H) 3.71 (s, 1H) 5.06 (s, 2H) 7.06-7.53 (m, 10H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₂₀N₂₂N₂O₄ 354.16; found: 355.38 (M + H)⁺. Cap-17b

RT = 0.27 (Condition III); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₁₂H₁₄N₂O₃ 234.10; found: 235.22 (M + H)⁺. Cap-17c

RT = 0.48 (Condition II); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₁₃H₁₈N₂O₂ 234.14; found: 235.31 (M + H)⁺. Cap-17d

RT = 2.21 (Condition I); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₁₉H₂₁NO₂ 295.16; found: 296.33 (M + H)⁺.

LC-MS Conditions for Determining Retention Time: Condition I

Column: PHENOMENEX® Luna 4.6×50 mm S10

Start % B=0 Final % B=100 Gradient Time=4 min

Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220

Solvent A=10% methanol—90% H₂O—0.1% TFA Solvent B=90% methanol—10% H₂O—0.1% TFA

Condition II Column: Waters SunFire 4.6×50 mm S5 Start % B=0 Final % B=100 Gradient Time=2 min

Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220

Solvent A=10% methanol—90% H₂O—0.1% TFA Solvent B=90% methanol—10% H₂O—0.1% TFA

Condition III Column: PHENOMENEX® 10μ3.0×50 mm Start % B=0 Final % B=100 Gradient Time=2 min

Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220

Solvent A=10% methanol—90% H₂O—0.1% TFA Solvent B=90% methanol—10% H₂O—0.1% TFA

Cap-18

Step 1: (R,S)-Ethyl 2-(4-pyridyl)-2-bromoacetate. To a solution of ethyl 4-pyridylacetate (1.00 g, 6.05 mmol) in dry THF (150 mL) at 0° C. under argon was added DBU (0.99 mL, 6.66 mmol). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature over 30 minutes and then it was cooled to −78° C. To this mixture was added CBr₄ (2.21 g, 6.66 mmol) and stirring was continued at −78° C. for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was then quenched with sat. aq. NH₄Cl and the phases were separated. The organic phase was washed (brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting yellow oil was immediately purified by flash chromatography (SiO₂/hexane-ethyl acetate, 1:1) to provide the title compound (1.40 g, 95%) as a somewhat unstable yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.62 (dd, J=4.6, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (dd, J=4.6, 1.8 Hz, 2H), 5.24 (s, 1H), 4.21-4.29 (m, 2H), 1.28 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₀BrNO₂: 242, 244. found: 243, 245 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: (R,S)-Ethyl 2-(4-pyridyl)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)acetate. To a solution of (R,S)-ethyl 2-(4-pyridyl)-2-bromoacetate (1.40 g, 8.48 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) at room temperature was added dimethylamine (2M in THF, 8.5 mL, 17.0 mmol). After completion of the reaction (as judged by thin layer chromatography) the volatiles were removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (BIOTAGE®, 40+M SiO₂ column; 50%-100% ethyl acetate-hexane) to provide the title compound (0.539 g, 31%) as a light yellow oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.58 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 4.17 (m, 2H), 3.92 (s, 1H), 2.27 (s, 6H), 1.22 (t, J=7.0 Hz). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₆N₂O₂: 208. found: 209 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3: (R,S)-2-(4-Pyridyl)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)acetic acid. To a solution of (R,S)-ethyl 2-(4-pyridyl)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)acetate (0.200 g, 0.960 mmol) in a mixture of THF-methanol-H₂O (1:1:1, 6 mL) was added powdered LiOH (0.120 g, 4.99 mmol) at room temperature. The solution was stirred for 3 hours and then it was acidified to pH 6 using 1N HCl. The aqueous phase was washed with ethyl acetate and then it was lyophilized to give the dihydrochloride of the title compound as a yellow solid (containing LiCl). The product was used as such in subsequent steps. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.49 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (d, J=5.7 Hz, 2H), 3.56 (s, 1H), 2.21 (s, 6H).

The following examples were prepared in similar fashion using the method described above:

Cap-19

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₂N₂O₂ : 180; found: 181 (M + H)⁺. Cap-20

LC-MS: no ionization. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.55 (d, J = 4.3 Hz, 1H), 7.84 (app t, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 7.61 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (app t, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 2.60 (s, 6H). Cap-21

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₁ClN₂O₂: 214, 216; found: 215, 217 (M + H)⁺. Cap-22

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₄: 224; found: 225 (M + H)⁺. Cap-23

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄H₁₅NO₂: 229; found: 230 (M + H)⁺. Cap-24

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₂F₃NO₂: 247; found: 248 (M + H)⁺. Cap-25

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₂F₃NO₂: 247; found: 248 (M + H)⁺. Cap-26

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂FNO₂: 197; found: 198 (M + H)⁺. Cap-27

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂FNO₂: 247; found: 248 (M + H)⁺. Cap-28

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂ClNO₂: 213; found: 214 (M + H)⁺. Cap-29

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂ClNO₂: 213; found: 214 (M + H)⁺. Cap-30

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂ClNO₂: 213; found: 214 (M + H)⁺. Cap-31

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₂N₂O₂S: 200; found: 201 (M + H)⁺. Cap-32

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₁NO₂S: 185; found: 186 (M + H)⁺. Cap-33

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₁NO₂S: 185; found: 186 (M + H)⁺. Cap-34

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₂N₂O₃: 220; found: 221 (M + H)⁺. Cap-35

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₃NO₂S: 235; found: 236 (M + H)⁺. Cap-36

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₄N₂O₂S: 250; found: 251 (M + H)⁺.

Cap-37

Step 1: (R,S)-Ethyl 2-(quinolin-3-yl)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)-acetate. A mixture of ethyl N,N-dimethylaminoacetate (0.462 g, 3.54 mmol), K₃PO₄ (1.90 g, 8.95 mmol), Pd(t-Bu₃P)₂ (0.090 g, 0.176 mmol), 3-bromoquinoline and toluene (10 mL) was degassed with a stream of Ar bubbles for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was then heated at 100° C. for 12 hours, after which it was cooled to room temperature and poured into H₂O. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×) and the combined organic phases were washed (H₂O, brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified first by reverse-phase preparative HPLC (Primesphere C-18, 30×100 mm; CH₃CN—H₂O-5 mM NH₄OAc) and then by flash chromatography (SiO₂/hexane-ethyl acetate, 1:1) to provide the title compound (0.128 g, 17%) as an orange oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.90 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.32 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.03-8.01 (m, 2H), 7.77 (ddd, J=8.3, 6.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (ddd, J=8.3, 6.8, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (s, 1H), 4.13 (m, 2H), 2.22 (s, 6H), 1.15 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅H₁₈N₂O₂: 258. found: 259 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: (R,S) 2-(Quinolin-3-yl)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)acetic acid. A mixture of (R,S)-ethyl 2-(quinolin-3-yl)-2-(N,N-dimethylamino)acetate (0.122 g, 0.472 mmol) and 6M HCl (3 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 12 hours. The solvent was removed in vacuo to provide the dihydrochloride of the title compound (0.169 g, >100%) as a light yellow foam. The unpurified material was used in subsequent steps without further purification. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃H₁₄N₂O₂: 230. found: 231 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-38

Step 1: (R)—((S)-1-Phenylethyl) 2-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetate and (S)—((S)-1-Phenylethyl) 2-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetate. To a mixture of (RS)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid (2.60 g, 13.19 mmol), DMAP (0.209 g, 1.71 mmol) and (S)-1-phenylethanol (2.09 g, 17.15 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (40 mL) was added EDCI (3.29 g, 17.15 mmol) and the mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 12 hours. The solvent was then removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned with ethyl acetate-H₂O. The layers were separated, the aqueous layer was back-extracted with ethyl acetate (2×) and the combined organic phases were washed (H₂O, brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (BIOTAGE®/0-50% diethyl ether-hexane). The resulting pure diastereomeric mixture was then separated by reverse-phase preparative HPLC (Primesphere C-18, 30×100 mm; CH₃CN—H₂O-0.1% TFA) to give first (S)-1-phenethyl(R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetate (0.501 g, 13%) and then (S)-1-phenethyl(S)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)-acetate (0.727 g. 18%), both as their TFA salts. (S,R)-isomer: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.65-7.70 (m, 1H), 7.55-7.60 (ddd, J=9.4, 8.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.41 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.34 (m, 5H), 6.04 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 2.84 (s, 6H), 1.43 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈H₂₀FNO₂: 301. found: 302 (M+H)⁺; (S,S)-isomer: ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.58-7.63 (m, 1H), 7.18-7.31 (m, 6H), 7.00 (dd, J=8.5, 1.5 Hz, 2H), 6.02 (q, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 2.88 (s, 6H), 1.54 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈H₂₀FNO₂: 301. found: 302 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2: (R)-2-(Dimethylamino)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid. A mixture of (R)—((S)-1-phenylethyl) 2-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetate TFA salt (1.25 g, 3.01 mmol) and 20% Pd(OH)₂/C (0.125 g) in ethanol (30 mL) was hydrogenated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure (H₂ balloon) for 4 hours. The solution was then purged with Ar, filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®), and concentrated in vacuo. This gave the title compound as a colorless solid (0.503 g, 98%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.53-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.33-7.38 (m, 2H), 5.36 (s, 1H), 2.86 (s, 6H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂FNO₂: 197. found: 198 (M+H)⁺.

The S-isomer could be obtained from (S)—((S)-1-phenylethyl) 2-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetate TFA salt in similar fashion.

Cap-39

A mixture of (R)-(2-chlorophenyl)glycine (0.300 g, 1.62 mmol), formaldehyde (35% aqueous solution, 0.80 mL, 3.23 mmol) and 20% Pd(OH)₂/C (0.050 g) was hydrogenated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure (H₂ balloon) for 4 hours. The solution was then purged with Ar, filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by reverse-phase preparative HPLC (Primesphere C-18, 30×100 mm; CH₃CN—H₂O-0.1% TFA) to give the TFA salt of the title compound (R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)acetic acid as a colorless oil (0.290 g, 55%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.59-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.45-7.53 (m, 2H), 5.40 (s, 1H), 2.87 (s, 6H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂ClNO₂: 213. found: 214 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-40

To an ice-cold solution of (R)-(2-chlorophenyl)glycine (1.00 g, 5.38 mmol) and NaOH (0.862 g, 21.6 mmol) in H₂O (5.5 mL) was added methyl chloroformate (1.00 mL, 13.5 mmol) dropwise. The mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C. for 1 hour and then it was acidified by the addition of conc. HCl (2.5 mL). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×) and the combined organic phase was washed (H₂O, brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound

(R)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)acetic acid as a yellow-orange foam (1.31 g, 96%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.39-7.43 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.31 (m, 2H), 5.69 (s, 1H), 3.65 (s, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₀ClNO₄: 243. found: 244 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-41

To a suspension of 2-(2-(chloromethyl)phenyl)acetic acid (2.00 g, 10.8 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added morpholine (1.89 g, 21.7 mmol) and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was then diluted with ethyl acetate and extracted with H₂O (2×). The aqueous phase was lyophilized and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (BIOTAGE®/0-10% methanol-CH₂Cl₂) to give the title compound 2-(2-(morpholinomethyl)phenyl)acetic acid as a colorless solid (2.22 g, 87%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.37-7.44 (m, 3H), 7.29-7.33 (m, 1H), 4.24 (s, 2H), 3.83 (br s, 4H), 3.68 (s, 2H), 3.14 (br s, 4H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃H₁₇NO₃: 235. found: 236 (M+H)⁺.

The following examples were similarly prepared using the method described for Cap-41:

Cap-42

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄H₁₉NO₂: 233; found: 234 (M + H)⁺. Cap-43

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃H₁₇NO₂: 219; found: 220 (M + H)⁺. Cap-44

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅NO₂: 193; found: 194 (M + H)⁺. Cap-45

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄H₂₀N₂O₂: 248; found: 249 (M + H)⁺.

Cap-45a

HMDS (1.85 mL, 8.77 mmol) was added to a suspension of (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetic acid p-toluenesulfonate (2.83 g, 8.77 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Methyl isocyanate (0.5 g, 8.77 mmol) was added in one portion stirring continued for 30 minutes. The reaction was quenched by addition of H₂O (5 mL) and the resulting precipitate was filtered, washed with H₂O and n-hexanes, and dried under vacuum. (R)-2-(3-methylureido)-2-phenylacetic acid (1.5 g; 82%) was recovered as a white solid and it was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 2.54 (d, J=4.88 Hz, 3H) 5.17 (d, J=7.93 Hz, 1H) 5.95 (q, J=4.48 Hz, 1H) 6.66 (d, J=7.93 Hz, 1H) 7.26-7.38 (m, 5H) 12.67 (s, 1H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₃ 208.08 found 209.121 (M+H)⁺; HPLC PHENOMENEX® C-18 3.0×46 mm, 0 to 100% B over 2 minutes, 1 minute hold time, A=90% water, 10% methanol, 0.1% TFA, B=10% water, 90% methanol, 0.1% TFA, RT=1.38 min, 90% homogeneity index.

Cap-46

The desired product was prepared according to the method described for Cap-45a. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 0.96 (t, J=7.17 Hz, 3H) 2.94-3.05 (m, 2H) 5.17 (d, J=7.93 Hz, 1H) 6.05 (t, J=5.19 Hz, 1H) 6.60 (d, J=7.63 Hz, 1H) 7.26-7.38 (m, 5H) 12.68 (s, 1H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₃ 222.10 found 223.15 (M+H)⁺. HPLC XTERRA® C-18 3.0×506 mm, 0 to 100% B over 2 minutes, 1 minute hold time, A=90% water, 10% methanol, 0.2% H₃PO₄, B=10% water, 90% methanol, 0.2% H₃PO₄, RT=0.87 min, 90% homogeneity index.

Cap-47

Step 1: (R)-tert-Butyl 2-(3,3-dimethylureido)-2-phenylacetate. To a stirred solution of (R)-tert-butyl-2-amino-2-phenylacetate (1.0 g, 4.10 mmol) and Hunig's base (1.79 mL, 10.25 mmol) in DMF (40 mL) was added dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (0.38 mL, 4.18 mmol) dropwise over 10 minutes. After stirring at room temperature for 3 hours, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was dissolved in ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with H₂O, 1N aq. HCl and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. (R)-tert-butyl 2-(3,3-dimethylureido)-2-phenylacetate was obtained as a white solid (0.86 g; 75%) and used without further purification. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.33 (s, 9H) 2.82 (s, 6H) 5.17 (d, J=7.63 Hz, 1H) 6.55 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 1H) 7.24-7.41 (m, 5H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅H₂₂N₂O₃ 278.16 found 279.23 (M+H)⁺; HPLC PHENOMENEX® Luna C-18 4.6×50 mm, 0 to 100% B over 4 minutes, 1 minute hold time, A=90% water, 10% methanol, 0.1% TFA, B=10% water, 90% methanol, 0.1% TFA, RT=2.26 min, 97% homogeneity index.

Step 2: (R)-2-(3,3-Dimethylureido)-2-phenylacetic acid. To a stirred solution of ((R)-tert-butyl 2-(3,3-dimethylureido)-2-phenylacetate (0.86 g, 3.10 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL) was added TFA (15 mL) dropwise and the resulting solution was stirred at rt for 3 hours. The desired compound was then precipitated out of solution with a mixture of EtOAC:Hexanes (5:20), filtered off and dried under reduced pressure. (R)-2-(3,3-dimethylureido)-2-phenylacetic acid was isolated as a white solid (0.59 g, 86%) and used without further purification. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 2.82 (s, 6H) 5.22 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 1H) 6.58 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 1H) 7.28 (t, J=7.17 Hz, 1H) 7.33 (t, J=7.32 Hz, 2H) 7.38-7.43 (m, 2H) 12.65 (s, 1H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₄N₂O₃: 222.24. found: 223.21 (M+H)⁺. HPLC XTERRA® C-18 3.0×50 mm, 0 to 100% B over 2 minutes, 1 minute hold time, A=90% water, 10% methanol, 0.2% H₃PO₄, B=10% water, 90% methanol, 0.2% H₃PO₄, RT=0.75 min, 93% homogeneity index.

Cap-48

Step 1: (R)-tert-Butyl 2-(3-cyclopentylureido)-2-phenylacetate. To a stirred solution of (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetic acid hydrochloride (1.0 g, 4.10 mmol) and Hunig's base (1.0 mL, 6.15 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added cyclopentyl isocyanate (0.46 mL, 4.10 mmol) dropwise and over 10 minutes. After stirring at room temperature for 3 hours, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure and the resulting residue was taken up in ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with H₂O and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. (R)-tert-butyl 2-(3-cyclopentylureido)-2-phenylacetate was obtained as an opaque oil (1.32 g; 100%) and used without further purification. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CD₃C1-D) δ ppm 1.50-1.57 (m, 2H) 1.58-1.66 (m, 2H) 1.87-1.97 (m, 2H) 3.89-3.98 (m, 1H) 5.37 (s, 1H) 7.26-7.38 (m, 5H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈H₂₆N₂O₃ 318.19 found 319.21 (M+H)⁺; HPLC XTERRA® C-18 3.0×50 mm, 0 to 100% B over 4 minutes, 1 minute hold time, A=90% water, 10% methanol, 0.1% TFA, B=10% water, 90% methanol, 0.1% TFA, RT=2.82 min, 96% homogeneity index.

Step 2: (R)-2-(3-Cyclopentylureido)-2-phenylacetic acid. To a stirred solution of (R)-tert-butyl 2-(3-cyclopentylureido)-2-phenylacetate (1.31 g, 4.10 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) was added TFA (4 mL) and triethylsilane (1.64 mL; 10.3 mmol) dropwise, and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 6 hours. The volatile components were removed under reduced pressure and the crude product was recrystallized in ethyl acetate/pentanes to yield (R)-2-(3-cyclopentylureido)-2-phenylacetic acid as a white solid (0.69 g, 64%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.17-1.35 (m, 2H) 1.42-1.52 (m, 2H) 1.53-1.64 (m, 2H) 1.67-1.80 (m, 2H) 3.75-3.89 (m, 1H) 5.17 (d, J=7.93 Hz, 1H) 6.12 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 1H) 6.48 (d, J=7.93 Hz, 1H) 7.24-7.40 (m, 5H) 12.73 (s, 1H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄H₁₈N₂O₃: 262.31. found: 263.15 (M+H)⁺. HPLC XTERRA® C-18 3.0×50 mm, 0 to 100% B over 2 minutes, 1 minute hold time, A=90% water, 10% methanol, 0.2% H₃PO₄, B=10% water, 90% methanol, 0.2% H₃PO₄, RT=1.24 min, 100% homogeneity index.

Cap-49

To a stirred solution of 2-(benzylamino)acetic acid (2.0 g, 12.1 mmol) in formic acid (91 mL) was added formaldehyde (6.94 mL, 93.2 mmol). After five hours at 70° C., the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to 20 mL and a white solid precipitated. Following filtration, the mother liquors were collected and further concentrated under reduced pressure providing the crude product. Purification by reverse-phase preparative HPLC (XTERRA® 30×100 mm, detection at 220 nm, flow rate 35 mL/min, 0 to 35% B over 8 min; A=90% water, 10% methanol, 0.1% TFA, B=10% water, 90% methanol, 0.1% TFA) provided the title compound 2-(benzyl(methyl)-amino)acetic acid as its TFA salt (723 mg, 33%) as a colorless wax. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 2.75 (s, 3H) 4.04 (s, 2H) 4.34 (s, 2H) 7.29-7.68 (m, 5H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₁₀H₁₃NO₂ 179.09. found: 180.20 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-50

To a stirred solution of 3-methyl-2-(methylamino)butanoic acid (0.50 g, 3.81 mmol) in water (30 mL) was added K₂CO₃ (2.63 g, 19.1 mmol) and benzyl chloride (1.32 g, 11.4 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (30 mL×2) and the aqueous layer was concentrated under reduced pressure providing the crude product which was purified by reverse-phase preparative HPLC (XTERRA® 30×100 mm, detection at 220 nm, flow rate 40 mL/min, 20 to 80% B over 6 min; A=90% water, 10% methanol, 0.1% TFA, B=10% water, 90% methanol, 0.1% TFA) to provide 2-(benzyl(methyl)amino)-3-methylbutanoic acid, TFA salt (126 mg, 19%) as a colorless wax. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 0.98 (d, 3H) 1.07 (d, 3H) 2.33-2.48 (m, 1H) 2.54-2.78 (m, 3H) 3.69 (s, 1H) 4.24 (s, 2H) 7.29-7.65 (m, 5H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₁₃H₁₉NO₂ 221.14. found: 222.28 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-51

(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid

Na₂CO₃ (1.83 g, 17.2 mmol) was added to NaOH (33 mL of 1M/H₂O, 33 mmol) solution of L-valine (3.9 g, 33.29 mmol) and the resulting solution was cooled with ice-water bath. Methyl chloroformate (2.8 mL, 36.1 mmol) was added dropwise over 15 min, the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3.25 hr. The reaction mixture was washed with ether (50 mL, 3×), and the aqueous phase was cooled with ice-water bath and acidified with concentrated HCl to a pH region of 1-2, and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL, 3×). The organic phase was dried (MgSO₄) and evaporated in vacuo to afford Cap-51 as a white solid (6 g). ¹H NMR for the dominant rotamer (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): 12.54 (s, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 3.84 (dd, J=8.4, 6.0, 1H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 2.03 (m, 1H), 0.87 (m, 6H). HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₇H₁₄NO₄: 176.0923; found 176.0922.

Cap-51 Alternate Route

(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoic acid

DIEA (137.5 mL, 0.766 mol) was added to a suspension of (S)-tert-butyl 2-amino-3-methylbutanoate hydrochloride (75.0 g, 0.357 mol) in THF (900 mL), and the mixture was cooled to 0° C. (ice/water bath). Methyl chloroformate (29.0 mL, 0.375 mol) was added dropwise over 45 min, the cooling bath was removed and the heterogeneous mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 h. The solvent was removed under diminished pressure and the residue partitioned between EtOAc and water (1 L each). The organic layer was washed with H₂O (1 L) and brine (1 L), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under diminished pressure. The crude material was passed through a plug of silica gel (1 kg), eluting with hexanes (4 L) and 15:85 EtOAc/hexanes (4 L) to afford (S)-tert-butyl 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoate as a clear oil (82.0 g, 99% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm) 7.34 (d, J=8.6, 1 H), 3.77 (dd, J=8.6, 6.1, 1 H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 1.94-2.05 (m, 1H), 1.39 (s, 9H), 0.83-0.92 (m, 6H). ¹³C-NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d₆, δ=39.2 ppm) 170.92, 156.84, 80.38, 60.00, 51.34, 29.76, 27.62, 18.92, 17.95. LC-MS: [M+Na]⁺254.17.

Trifluoroacetic acid (343 mL, 4.62 mol) and Et₃SiH (142 mL, 0.887 mol) were added sequentially to a solution of (S)-tert-butyl 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-methylbutanoate (82.0 g, 0.355 mol) in CH₂Cl₂ (675 mL), and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 h. The volatile component was removed under diminished pressure and the resultant oil triturated with petroleum ether (600 mL) to afford a white solid, which was filtered and washed with hexanes (500 mL) and petroleum ether (500 mL). Recrystallization from EtOAc/petroleum ether afforded Cap-51 as white flaky crystals (54.8 g, 88% yield). MP=108.5-109.5° C. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm) 12.52 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J=8.6, 1 H), 3.83 (dd, J=8.6, 6.1, 1 H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 1.94-2.07 (m, 1H), 0.86 (dd, J=8.9, 7.0, 6 H). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, DMSO-d₆, δ=39.2 ppm) 173.30, 156.94, 59.48, 51.37, 29.52, 19.15, 17.98. LC-MS: [M+H]⁺=176.11. Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₁₃NO₄: C, 47.99; H, 7.48; N, 7.99. Found: C, 48.17; H, 7.55; N, 7.99. Optical Rotation: [α]_(D)=−4.16 (12.02 mg/mL; MeOH). Optical purity: >99.5% ee. Note: the optical purity assessment was made on the methyl ester derivative of Cap-51, which was prepared under a standard TMSCHN₂ (benzene/MeOH) esterification protocol. HPLC analytical conditions: column, CHIRALPAK® AD-H (4.6×250 mm, 5 μm); solvent, 95% heptane/5% IPA (isocratic); flow rate, 1 mL/min; temperature, 35° C.; UV monitored at 205 nm.

[Note: Cap-51 could also be purchased from Flamm.]

Cap-52 Same as Cap-12

(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)propanoic acid

Cap-52 was synthesized from L-alanine according to the procedure described for the synthesis of Cap-51. For characterization purposes, a portion of the crude material was purified by a reverse phase HPLC (H₂O/methanol/TFA) to afford Cap-52 as a colorless viscous oil. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): 12.49 (br s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=7.3, 0.88H), 7.09 (app br s, 0.12H), 3.97 (m, 1H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 1.25 (d, J=7.3, 3H).

Cap-53 to Cap-64

Cap-53 to Cap-64 were prepared from appropriate starting materials according to the procedure described for the synthesis of Cap-51, with noted modifications if any.

Cap Structure Data Cap-53a: (R) Cap-53b: (S) ((S)- 2-(methoxy- carbonyl- amino)butanoic acid)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 12.51 (br s, 1H), 7.4 (d, J = 7.9, 0.9H), 7.06 (app s, 0.1H), 3.86-3.82 (m, 1H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 1.75-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.62-1.54 (m, 1H), 0.88 (d, J = 7.3, 3H). RT = 0.77 minutes (Cond. 2); LC- MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + Na]⁺ C₆H₁₁NNaO₄: 184.06; found 184.07. HRMS Calcd. for [M + Na]⁺ C₆H₁₁NNaO₄: 184.0586; found 184.0592. Cap-54a: (R) Cap-54b: (S) ((S)- 2-cyclopropyl-2- (methoxy-carbonyl- amino)acetic acid)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 12.48 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J = 7.6, 0.9H), 7.25 (app s, 0.1H), 3.52 (s, 3H), 3.36-3.33 (m, 1H), 1.10-1.01 (m, 1H), 0.54-0.49 (m, 1H), 0.46-0.40 (m, 1H), 0.39-0.35 (m, 1H), 0.31-0.21 (m, 1H). HRMS Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₇H₁₂NO₄: 174.0766; found 174.0771 Cap-55

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 12.62 (s, 1H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.2, 0.9H), 7.07 (app s, 0.1H), 5.80-5.72 (m, 1H), 5.10 (d, J = 17.1, 1H), 5.04 (d, J = 10.4, 1H), 4.01-3.96 (m, 1H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 2.47-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.35-2.29 (m, 1H). Cap-56 (S)-3-methoxy-2- (methoxy-carbonyl- amino)propanoic acid

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 12.75 (s, 1H), 7.38 (d, J = 8.3, 0.9H), 6.96 (app s, 0.1H), 4.20-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.60-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 3.24 (s, 3H). Cap-57

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 12.50 (s, 1H), 8.02 (d, J = 7.7, 0.08H), 7.40 (d, J = 7.9, 0.76H), 7.19 (d, J = 8.2, 0.07H), 7.07 (d, J = 6.7, 0.09H), 4.21-4.12 (m, 0.08H), 4.06-3.97 (m, 0.07H), 3.96-3.80 (m, 0.85H), 3.53 (s, 3H), 1.69-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.39-1.26 (m, 2H), 0.85 (t, J = 7.4, 3H). LC (Cond. 2): RT = 1.39 LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₇H₁₄NO₄: 176.09; found 176.06. Cap-58

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 12.63 (br s, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.2, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 4.33- 4.29 (m, 1H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 2.54 (dd, J = 15.5, 5.4, 1H), 2.43 (dd, J = 15.6, 8.0, 1H). RT = 0.16 min (Cond. 2); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₆H₁₁N₂O₅: 191.07; found 191.14. Cap-59a: (R) Cap-59b: (S)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 12.49 (br s, 1H), 7.40 (d, J = 7.3, 0.89H), 7.04 (br s, 0.11H), 4.00- 3.95 (m, 3H), 1.24 (d, J = 7.3, 3H), 1.15 (t, J = 7.2, 3H). HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₆H₁₂NO₄: 162.0766; found 162.0771. Cap-60

The crude material was purified with a reverse phase HPLC (H₂O/MeOH/TFA) to afford a colorless viscous oil that crystallized to a white solid upon exposure to high vacuum. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 12.38 (br s, 1H), 7.74 (s, 0.82H), 7.48 (s, 0.18H), 3.54/3.51 (two s, 3H), 1.30 (m, 2H), 0.98 (m, 2H). HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₆H₁₀NO₄: 160.0610; found 160.0604. Cap-61

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 12.27 (br s, 1H), 7.40 (br s, 1H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 1.32 (s, 6H). HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₆H₁₂NO₄: 162.0766; found 162.0765. Cap-62

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 12.74 (br s, 1H), 4.21 (d, J = 10.3, 0.6H), 4.05 (d, J = 10.0, 0.4H), 3.62/3.60 (two singlets, 3H), 3.0 (s, 3H), 2.14-2.05 (m, 1H), 0.95 (d, J = 6.3, 3H), 0.81 (d, J = 6.6, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M − H]⁻ C₈H₁₄NO₄: 188.09; found 188.05. Cap-63

[Note: the reaction was allowed to run for longer than what was noted for the general procedure.] ¹H NMR (DMSO- d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): 12.21 (br s, 1H), 7.42 (br s, 1H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 2.02- 1.85 (m, 4H), 1.66-1.58 (m, 4H). LC- MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₈H₁₄NO₄: 188.09; found 188.19. Cap-64

[Note: the reaction was allowed to run for longer than what was noted for the general procedure.] ¹H NMR (DMSO- d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): 12.35 (br s, 1H), 7.77 (s, 0.82H), 7.56/7.52 (overlapping br s, 0.18H), 3.50 (s, 3H), 2.47-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.14-2.07 (m, 2H), 1.93-1.82 (m, 2H).

Cap-65

Methyl chloroformate (0.65 mL, 8.39 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 min to a cooled (ice-water) mixture of Na₂CO₃ (0.449 g, 4.23 mmol), NaOH (8.2 mL of 1M/H₂O, 8.2 mmol) and (S)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid (1.04 g, 7.81 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 45 min, and then the cooling bath was removed and stirring was continued for an additional 3.75 hr. The reaction mixture was washed with CH₂Cl₂, and the aqueous phase was cooled with ice-water bath and acidified with concentrated HCl to a pH region of 1-2. The volatile component was removed in vacuo and the residue was taken up in a 2:1 mixture of MeOH/CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL) and filtered, and the filterate was rotervaped to afford Cap-65 as a white semi-viscous foam (1.236 g). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 6.94 (d, J=8.5, 0.9; H), 6.53 (br s, 0.1H), 3.89 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 2.94 (s, 3H), 1.15 (s, 3H), 1.13 (s, 3H).

Cap-66 and Cap-67 were prepared from appropriate commercially available starting materials by employing the procedure described for the synthesis of Cap-65.

Cap-66

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 12.58 (br s, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=8.3, 0.13H), 6.81 (d, J=8.8, 0.67H), 4.10-4.02 (m, 1.15H), 3.91 (dd, J=9.1, 3.5, 0.85H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 1.09 (d, J=6.2, 3H). [Note: only the dominant signals of NH were noted].

Cap-67

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): 12.51 (br s, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=8.4, 0.75H), 7.12 (br d, J=0.4, 0.05H), 6.86 (br s, 0.08H), 3.95-3.85 (m, 2H), 3.54 (s, 3H), 1.08 (d, J=6.3, 3H). [Note: only the dominant signals of NH were noted].

Cap-68

Methyl chloroformate (0.38 ml, 4.9 mmol) was added drop-wise to a mixture of 1N NaOH (aq) (9.0 ml, 9.0 mmol), 1M NaHCO₃ (aq) (9.0 ml, 9.0 mol), L-aspartic acid β-benzyl ester (1.0 g, 4.5 mmol) and dioxane (9 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient conditions for 3 hr, and then washed with ethyl acetate (50 ml, 3×). The aqueous layer was acidified with 12N HCl to a pH ˜1-2, and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 ml). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Cap-68 as a light yellow oil (1.37 g; mass is above theoretical yield, and the product was used without further purification). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 12.88 (br s, 1H), 7.55 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 7.40-7.32 (m, 5H), 5.13 (d, J=12.8, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=12.9, 1H), 4.42-4.38 (m, 1H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 2.87 (dd, J=16.2, 5.5, 1H), 2.71 (dd, J=16.2, 8.3, 1H). LC (Cond. 2): RT=1.90 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₁₆NO₆: 282.10. found 282.12.

Cap-69a and Cap-69b

NaCNBH₃ (2.416 g, 36.5 mmol) was added in batches to a chilled (˜15° C.) water (17 mL)/MeOH (10 mL) solution of alanine (1.338 g, 15.0 mmol). A few minutes later acetaldehyde (4.0 mL, 71.3 mmol) was added drop-wise over 4 min, the cooling bath was removed, and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient condition for 6 hr. An additional acetaldehyde (4.0 mL) was added and the reaction was stirred for 2 hr. Concentrated HCl was added slowly to the reaction mixture until the pH reached ˜1.5, and the resulting mixture was heated for 1 hr at 40° C. Most of the volatile component was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified with a DOWEX® 50WX8-100 ion-exchange resin (column was washed with water, and the compound was eluted with dilute NH₄OH, prepared by mixing 18 ml of NH₄OH and 282 ml of water) to afford Cap-69 (2.0 g) as an off-white soft hygroscopic solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 3.44 (q, J=7.1, 1H), 2.99-2.90 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.80 (m, 2H), 1.23 (d, J=7.1, 3H), 1.13 (t, J=7.3, 6H).

Cap-70 to Cap-74x

Cap-70 to Cap-74x were prepared according to the procedure described for the synthesis of Cap-69 by employing appropriate starting materials.

Cap-70a: (R) Cap-70b: (S)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 3.42 (q, J = 7.1, 1H), 2.68-2.60 (m, 4H), 1.53- 1.44 (m, 4H), 1.19 (d, J = 7.3, 3H), 0.85 (t, J = 7.5, 6H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₉H2₀NO₂: 174.15; found 174.13. Cap-71a: (R) Cap-71b: (S)

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 3.18-3.14 (m, 1H), 2.84-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.76-2.68 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.05 (t, J = 7.2, 6H), 0.91 (t, J= 7.3, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₈H₁₈NO₂: 160.13; found 160.06. Cap-72

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 2.77-2.66 (m, 3H), 2.39-2.31 (m, 2H), 1.94-1.85 (m, 1H), 0.98 (t, J = 7.1, 6H), 0.91 (d, J = 6.5, 3H), 0.85 (d, J = 6.5, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₉H₂₀NO₂: 174.15; found 174.15. Cap-73

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 9.5 (br s, 1H), 3.77 (dd, J = 10.8, 4.1, 1H), 3.69- 3.61 (m, 2H), 3.26 (s, 3H), 2.99-2.88 (m, 4H), 1.13 (t, J = 7.2, 6H). Cap-74

¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ = 2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 7.54 (s, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 3.81 (t, J = 6.6, k, 1H), 2.82-2.71 (m, 4H), 2.63 (dd, J = 15.6, 7.0, 1H), 2.36 (dd, J = 15.4, 6.3, 1H), 1.09 (t, J = 7.2, 6H). RT = 0.125 minutes (Cond. 2); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₈H₁₇N₂O₃: 189.12; found 189.13. Cap-74x

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₀H₂₂NO₂: 188.17; found 188.21

Cap-75

Cap-75 Step a

NaBH₃CN (1.6 g, 25.5 mmol) was added to a cooled (ice/water bath) water (25 ml)/methanol (15 ml) solution of H-D-Ser-OBzl HCl (2.0 g, 8.6 mmol). Acetaldehyde (1.5 ml, 12.5 mmol) was added drop-wise over 5 min, the cooling bath was removed, and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient condition for 2 hr. The reaction was carefully quenched with 12N HCl and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was dissolved in water and purified with a reverse phase HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to afford the TFA salt of (R)-benzyl 2-(diethylamino)-3-hydroxypropanoate as a colorless viscous oil (1.9 g). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): δ 9.73 (br s, 1H), 7.52-7.36 (m, 5H), 5.32 (d, J=12.2, 1H), 5.27 (d, J=12.5, 1H), 4.54-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.05-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.43-3.21 (m, 4H), 1.23 (t, J=7.2, 6H). LC-MS (Cond. 2): RT=1.38 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₂₂NO₃: 252.16. found 252.19.

Cap-75

NaH (0.0727 g, 1.82 mmol, 60%) was added to a cooled (ice-water) THF (3.0 mL) solution of the TFA salt (R)-benzyl 2-(diethylamino)-3-hydroxypropanoate (0.3019 g, 0.8264 mmol) prepared above, and the mixture was stirred for 15 min. Methyl iodide (56 mL, 0.90 mmol) was added and stirring was continued for 18 hr while allowing the bath to thaw to ambient condition. The reaction was quenched with water and loaded onto a MeOH pre-conditioned MCX (6 g) cartridge, and washed with methanol followed by compound elution with 2N NH₃/Methanol. Removal of the volatile component in vacuo afforded Cap-75, contaminated with (R)-2-(diethylamino)-3-hydroxypropanoic acid, as a yellow semi-solid (100 mg). The product was used as is without further purification.

Cap-76

NaCNBH₃ (1.60 g, 24.2 mmol) was added in batches to a chilled (˜15° C.) water/MeOH (12 mL each) solution of (S)-4-amino-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino) butanoic acid (2.17 g, 9.94 mmol). A few minutes later acetaldehyde (2.7 mL, 48.1 mmol) was added drop-wise over 2 min, the cooling bath was removed, and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient condition for 3.5 hr. An additional acetaldehyde (2.7 mL, 48.1 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for 20.5 hr. Most of the MeOH component was removed in vacuo, and the remaining mixture was treated with concentrated HCl until its pH reached ˜1.0 and then heated for 2 hr at 40° C. The volatile component was removed in vacuo, and the residue was treated with 4 M HCl/dioxane (20 mL) and stirred at ambient condition for 7.5 hr. The volatile component was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified with DOWEX® 50WX8-100 ion-exchange resin (column was washed with water and the compound was eluted with dilute NH₄OH, prepared from 18 ml of NH₄OH and 282 ml of water) to afford intermediate (S)-2-amino-4-(diethylamino)butanoic acid as an off-white solid (1.73 g).

Methyl chloroformate (0.36 mL, 4.65 mmol) was added drop-wise over 11 min to a cooled (ice-water) mixture of Na₂CO₃ (0.243 g, 2.29 mmol), NaOH (4.6 mL of 1M/H₂O, 4.6 mmol) and the above product (802.4 mg). The reaction mixture was stirred for 55 min, and then the cooling bath was removed and stirring was continued for an additional 5.25 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with equal volume of water and washed with CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL, 2×), and the aqueous phase was cooled with ice-water bath and acidified with concentrated HCl to a pH region of 2. The volatile component was then removed in vacuo and the crude material was free-based with MCX resin (6.0 g; column was washed with water, and sample was eluted with 2.0 M NH₃/MeOH) to afford impure Cap-76 as an off-white solid (704 mg). ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, δ=3.29 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 3.99 (dd, J=7.5, 4.7, 1H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.25-3.06 (m, 6H), 2.18-2.09 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.28 (t, J=7.3, 6H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₂₁N₂O₄: 233.15. found 233.24.

Cap-77a and Cap-77b

The synthesis of Cap-77 was conducted according to the procedure described for Cap-7 by using 7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane for the SN₂ displacement step, and by effecting the stereoisomeric separation of the intermediate benzyl 2-(7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-7-yl)-2-phenylacetate using the following condition: the intermediate (303.7 mg) was dissolved in ethanol, and the resulting solution was injected on a chiral HPLC column (Chiracel AD-H column, 30×250 mm, 5 um) eluting with 90% CO₂-10% EtOH at 70 mL/min, and a temperature of 35° C. to provide 124.5 mg of stereoisomer-1 and 133.8 mg of stereoisomer-2. These benzyl esters were hydrogenolysed according to the preparation of Cap-7 to provide Cap-77: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 7.55 (m, 2H), 7.38-7.30 (m, 3H), 4.16 (s, 1H), 3.54 (app br s, 2H), 2.08-1.88 (m, 4H), 1.57-1.46 (m, 4H). LC (Cond. 1): RT=0.67 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₁₈NO₂: 232.13. found 232.18. HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₁₈NO₂: 232.1338. found 232.1340.

Cap-78

NaCNBH₃ (0.5828 g, 9.27 mmol) was added to a mixture of the HCl salt of (R)-2-(ethylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid (an intermediate in the synthesis of Cap-3; 0.9923 mg, 4.60 mmol) and (1-ethoxycyclopropoxy)trimethylsilane (1.640 g, 9.40 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL), and the semi-heterogeneous mixture was heated at 50° C. with an oil bath for 20 hr. More (1-ethoxycyclopropoxy)trimethylsilane (150 mg, 0.86 mmol) and NaCNBH₃ (52 mg, 0.827 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was heated for an additional 3.5 hr. It was then allowed to cool to ambient temperature and acidified to a ˜pH region of 2 with concentrated HCl, and the mixture was filtered and the filtrate was rotervaped. The resulting crude material was taken up in i-PrOH (6 mL) and heated to effect dissolution, and the non-dissolved part was filtered off and the filtrate concentrated in vacuo. About ⅓ of the resultant crude material was purified with a reverse phase HPLC (H₂O/MeOH/TFA) to afford the TFA salt of Cap-78 as a colorless viscous oil (353 mg). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz; after D₂O exchange): δ 7.56-7.49 (m, 5H), 5.35 (S, 1H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 3.06 (app br s, 1H), 2.66 (m, 1H), 1.26 (t, J=7.3, 3H), 0.92 (m, 1H), 0.83-0.44 (m, 3H). LC (Cond. 1): RT=0.64 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₁₈NO₂: 220.13. found 220.21. HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₁₈NO₂: 220.1338. found 220.1343.

Cap-79

Ozone was bubbled through a cooled (−78° C.) CH₂Cl₂ (5.0 mL) solution Cap-55 (369 mg, 2.13 mmol) for about 50 min until the reaction mixture attained a tint of blue color. Me₂S (10 pipette drops) was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 35 min. The −78° C. bath was replaced with a −10° C. bath and stirring continued for an additional 30 min, and then the volatile component was removed in vacuo to afford a colorless viscous oil.

NaBH₃CN (149 mg, 2.25 mmol) was added to a MeOH (5.0 mL) solution of the above crude material and morpholine (500 mL, 5.72 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at ambient condition for 4 hr. It was cooled to ice-water temperature and treated with concentrated HCl to bring its pH to ˜2.0, and then stirred for 2.5 hr. The volatile component was removed in vacuo, and the residue was purified with a combination of MCX resin (MeOH wash; 2.0 N NH₃/MeOH elution) and a reverse phase HPLC (H₂O/MeOH/TFA) to afford Cap-79 containing unknown amount of morpholine.

In order to consume the morpholine contaminant, the above material was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL) and treated with Et₃N (0.27 mL, 1.94 mmol) followed by acetic anhydride (0.10 mL, 1.06 mmol) and stirred at ambient condition for 18 hr. THF (1.0 mL) and H₂O (0.5 mL) were added and stirring continued for 1.5 hr. The volatile component was removed in vacuo, and the resultant residue was passed through MCX resin (MeOH wash; 2.0 N NH₃/MeOH elution) to afford impure Cap-79 as a brown viscous oil, which was used for the next step without further purification.

Cap-80a and Cap-80b

SOCl₂ (6.60 mL, 90.5 mmol) was added drop-wise over 15 min to a cooled (ice-water) mixture of (S)-3-amino-4-(benzyloxy)-4-oxobutanoic acid (10.04 g, 44.98 mmol) and MeOH (300 mL), the cooling bath was removed and the reaction mixture was stirred at ambient condition for 29 hr. Most of the volatile component was removed in vacuo and the residue was carefully partitioned between EtOAc (150 mL) and saturated NaHCO₃ solution. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (150 mL, 2×), and the combined organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford (S)-1-benzyl 4-methyl 2-aminosuccinate as a colorless oil (9.706 g). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 7.40-7.32 (m, 5H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 3.72 (app t, J=6.6, 1H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 2.68 (dd, J=15.9, 6.3, 1H), 2.58 (dd, J=15.9, 6.8, 1H), 1.96 (s, 2H). LC (Cond. 1): RT=0.90 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₆NO₄: 238.11. found 238.22.

Pb(NO₃)₂ (6.06 g, 18.3 mmol) was added over 1 min to a CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL) solution of (S)-1-benzyl 4-methyl 2-aminosuccinate (4.50 g, 19.0 mmol), 9-bromo-9-phenyl-9H-fluorene (6.44 g, 20.0 mmol) and Et₃N (3.0 mL, 21.5 mmol), and the heterogeneous mixture was stirred at ambient condition for 48 hr. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was treated with MgSO₄ and filtered again, and the final filtrate was concentrated. The resulting crude material was submitted to a BIOTAGE® purification (350 g silica gel, CH₂Cl₂ elution) to afford (S)-1-benzyl 4-methyl 2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)succinate as highly viscous colorless oil (7.93 g). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): δ 7.82 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.13 (m, 16H), 4.71 (d, J=12.4, 1H), 4.51 (d, J=12.6, 1H), 3.78 (d, J=9.1, NH), 3.50 (s, 3H), 2.99 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.41 (m, 2H, partially overlapped with solvent). LC (Cond. 1): RT=2.16 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₁H₂₈NO₄: 478.20. found 478.19.

LiHMDS (9.2 mL of 1.0 M/THF, 9.2 mmol) was added drop-wise over 10 min to a cooled (−78° C.) THF (50 mL) solution of (S)-1-benzyl 4-methyl 2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)succinate (3.907 g, 8.18 mmol) and stirred for ˜1 hr. MeI (0.57 mL, 9.2 mmol) was added drop-wise over 8 min to the mixture, and stirring was continued for 16.5 hr while allowing the cooling bath to thaw to room temperature. After quenching with saturated NH₄Cl solution (5 mL), most of the organic component was removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) and water (40 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo, and the resulting crude material was purified with a BIOTAGE® (350 g silica gel; 25% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford 3.65 g of a 2S/3S and 2S/3R diastereomeric mixtures of 1-benzyl 4-methyl 3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)succinate in ˜-1.0:0.65 ratio (¹H NMR). The stereochemistry of the dominant isomer was not determined at this juncture, and the mixture was submitted to the next step without separation. Partial ¹H NMR data (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): major diastereomer, δ4.39 (d, J=12.3, 1H of CH₂), 3.33 (s, 3H, overlapped with H₂O signal), 3.50 (d, J=10.9, NH), 1.13 (d, J=7.1, 3H); minor diastereomer, δ4.27 (d, J=12.3, 1H of CH₂), 3.76 (d, J=10.9, NH), 3.64 (s, 3H), 0.77 (d, J=7.0, 3H). LC (Cond. 1): RT=2.19 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₀NO₄: 492.22. found 492.15.

Diisobutylaluminum hydride (20.57 ml of 1.0 M in hexanes, 20.57 mmol) was added drop-wise over 10 min to a cooled (−78° C.) THF (120 mL) solution of (2S)-1-benzyl 4-methyl 3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)succinate (3.37 g, 6.86 mmol) prepared above, and stirred at −78° C. for 20 hr. The reaction mixture was removed from the cooling bath and rapidly poured into ˜1M H₃PO₄/H₂O (250 mL) with stirring, and the mixture was extracted with ether (100 mL, 2×). The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. A silica gel mesh of the crude material was prepared and submitted to chromatography (25% EtOAc/hexanes; gravity elution) to afford 1.1 g of (2S,3S)-benzyl 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)butanoate, contaminated with benzyl alcohol, as a colorless viscous oil and (2S,3R)-benzyl 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)butanoate containing the (2S,3R) stereoisomer as an impurity. The later sample was resubmitted to the same column chromatography purification conditions to afford 750 mg of purified material as a white foam. [Note: the (2S,3S) isomer elutes before the (2S,3R) isomer under the above condition]. (2S,3S) isomer: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): 7.81 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.08 (m, 16H), 4.67 (d, J=12.3, 1H), 4.43 (d, J=12.4, 1H), 4.21 (app t, J=5.2, OH), 3.22 (d, J=10.1, NH), 3.17 (m, 1H), 3.08 (m, 1H), ˜2.5 (m, 1H, overlapped with the solvent signal), 1.58 (m, 1H), 0.88 (d, J=6.8, 3H). LC (Cond. 1): RT=2.00 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₁H₃₀NO₃: 464.45; found 464.22. (2S,3R) isomer: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz): 7.81 (d, J=7.5, 2H), 7.39-7.10 (m, 16H), 4.63 (d, J=12.1, 1H), 4.50 (app t, J=4.9, 1H), 4.32 (d, J=12.1, 1H), 3.59-3.53 (m, 2H), 3.23 (m, 1H), 2.44 (dd, J=9.0, 8.3, 1H), 1.70 (m, 1H), 0.57 (d, J=6.8, 3H). LC (Cond. 1): RT=1.92 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₁H₃₀NO₃: 464.45. found 464.52.

The relative stereochemical assignments of the DIBAL-reduction products were made based on NOE studies conducted on lactone derivatives prepared from each isomer by employing the following protocol: LiHMDS (50 μL of 1.0 M/THF, 0.05 mmol) was added to a cooled (ice-water) THF (2.0 mL) solution of (2S,3S)-benzyl 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)butanoate (62.7 mg, 0.135 mmol), and the reaction mixture was stirred at similar temperature for ˜2 hr. The volatile component was removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL), water (20 mL) and saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution (1 mL). The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo, and the resulting crude material was submitted to a BIOTAGE® purification (40 g silica gel; 10-15% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford (3S,4S)-4-methyl-3-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one as a colorless film of solid (28.1 mg). (2S,3R)-benzyl 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)butanoate was elaborated similarly to (3S,4R)-4-methyl-3-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one. (3S,4S)-lactone isomer: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz), 7.83 (d, J=7.5, 2H), 7.46-7.17 (m, 11H), 4.14 (app t, J=8.3, 1H), 3.60 (d, J=5.8, NH), 3.45 (app t, J=9.2, 1H), ˜2.47 (m, 1H, partially overlapped with solvent signal), 2.16 (m, 1H), 0.27 (d, J=6.6, 3H). LC (Cond. 1): RT=1.98 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₂₄H₂₁NNaO₂: 378.15. found 378.42. (3S,4R)-lactone isomer: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz), 7.89 (d, J=7.6, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=7.3, 1H), 7.46-7.20 (m, 11H), 3.95 (dd, J=9.1, 4.8, 1H), 3.76 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 2.96 (d, J=3.0, NH), 2.92 (dd, J=6.8, 3, NCH), 1.55 (m, 1H), 0.97 (d, J=7.0, 3H). LC (Cond. 1): RT=2.03 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₂₄H₂₁NNaO₂: 378.15. found 378.49.

TBDMS-Cl (48 mg, 0.312 mmol) followed by imidazole (28.8 mg, 0.423 mmol) were added to a CH₂Cl₂ (3 ml) solution of (2S,3S)-benzyl 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)butanoate (119.5 mg, 0.258 mmol), and the mixture was stirred at ambient condition for 14.25 hr. The reaction mixture was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL) and washed with water (15 mL), and the organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The resultant crude material was purified with a BIOTAGE® (40 g silica gel; 5% EtOAc/hexanes) to afford (2S,3S)-benzyl 4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)butanoate, contaminated with TBDMS based impurities, as a colorless viscous oil (124.4 mg). (2S,3R)-benzyl 4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)butanoate was elaborated similarly to (2S,3R)-benzyl 4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)butanoate. (2S,3S)-silyl ether isomer: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz), 7.82 (d, J=4.1, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=4.0, 1H), 7.38-7.07 (m, 16H), 4.70 (d, J=12.4, 1H), 4.42 (d, J=12.3, 1H), 3.28-3.19 (m, 3H), 2.56 (dd, J=10.1, 5.5, 1H), 1.61 (m, 1H), 0.90 (d, J=6.8, 3H), 0.70 (s, 9H), −0.13 (s, 3H), −0.16 (s, 3H). LC (Cond. 1, where the run time was extended to 4 min): RT=3.26 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₇H₄₄NO₃Si: 578.31. found 578.40. (2S,3R)-silyl ether isomer: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz), 7.82 (d, J=3.0, 1H), 7.80 (d, J=3.1, 1H), 7.39-7.10 (m, 16H), 4.66 (d, J=12.4, 1H), 4.39 (d, J=12.4, 1H), 3.61 (dd, J=9.9, 5.6, 1H), 3.45 (d, J=9.5, 1H), 3.41 (dd, J=10, 6.2, 1H), 2.55 (dd, J=9.5, 7.3, 1H), 1.74 (m, 1H), 0.77 (s, 9H), 0.61 (d, J=7.1, 3H), −0.06 (s, 3H), −0.08 (s, 3H).

A balloon of hydrogen was attached to a mixture of (2S,3S)-benzyl 4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)butanoate (836 mg, 1.447 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (213 mg) in EtOAc (16 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for ˜21 hr, where the balloon was recharged with H₂ as necessary. The reaction mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth (CELITE®-545), and the pad was washed with EtOAc (200 mL), EtOAc/MeOH (1:1 mixture, 200 mL) and MeOH (750 mL). The combined organic phase was concentrated, and a silica gel mesh was prepared from the resulting crude material and submitted to a flash chromatography (8:2:1 mixture of EtOAc/i-PrOH/H₂O) to afford (2S,3S)-2-amino-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3-methylbutanoic acid as a white fluffy solid (325 mg). (2S,3R)-benzyl 4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3-methyl-2-(9-phenyl-9H-fluoren-9-ylamino)butanoate was similarly elaborated to (2S,3R)-2-amino-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3-methylbutanoic acid. (2S,3S)-amino acid isomer: ¹H NMR (methanol-d₄, δ=3.29 ppm, 400 MHz), 3.76 (dd, J=10.5, 5.2, 1H), 3.73 (d, J=3.0, 1H), 3.67 (dd, J=10.5, 7.0, 1H), 2.37 (m, 1H), 0.97 (d, J=7.0, 3H), 0.92 (s, 9H), 0.10 (s, 6H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₂₆NO₃Si: 248.17. found 248.44. (2S,3R)-amino acid isomer: ¹H NMR (methanol-d₄, δ=3.29 ppm, 400 MHz), 3.76-3.75 (m, 2H), 3.60 (d, J=4.1, 1H), 2.16 (m, 1H), 1.06 (d, J=7.3, 3H), 0.91 (s, 9H), 0.09 (s, 6H). Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₂₆NO₃Si: 248.17. found 248.44.

Water (1 mL) and NaOH (0.18 mL of 1.0 M/H₂O, 0.18 mmol) were added to a mixture of (2S,3S)-2-amino-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3-methylbutanoic acid (41.9 mg, 0.169 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (11.9 mg, 0.112 mmol), and sonicated for about 1 min to effect dissolution of reactants. The mixture was then cooled with an ice-water bath, methyl chloroformate (0.02 mL, 0.259 mmol) was added over 30 s, and vigorous stirring was continued at similar temperature for 40 min and then at ambient temperature for 2.7 hr. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (5 mL), cooled with ice-water bath and treated drop-wise with 1.0 N HCl aqueous solution (˜0.23 mL). The mixture was further diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (15 mL, 2×). The combined organic phase was dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Cap-80a as an off-white solid. (2S,3R)-2-amino-4-(tert-butyldimethylsilyloxy)-3-methylbutanoic acid was similarly elaborated to Cap-80b. Cap-80a: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 400 MHz), 12.57 (br s, 1H), 7.64 (d, J=8.3, 0.3H), 7.19 (d, J=8.8, 0.7H), 4.44 (dd, J=8.1, 4.6, 0.3H), 4.23 (dd, J=8.7, 4.4, 0.7H), 3.56/3.53 (two singlets, 3H), 3.48-3.40 (m, 2H), 2.22-2.10 (m, 1H), 0.85 (s, 9H), ˜0.84 (d, 0.9H, overlapped with t-Bu signal), 0.79 (d, J=7, 2.1H), 0.02/0.01/0.00 (three overlapping singlets, 6H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]^(+C) ₁₃H₂₇NNaO₅Si: 328.16. found 328.46. Cap-80b: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ=7.24 ppm, 400 MHz), 6.00 (br d, J=6.8, 1H), 4.36 (dd, J=7.1, 3.1, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J=10.5, 3.0, 1H), 3.67 (s, 3H), 3.58 (dd, J=10.6, 4.8, 1H), 2.35 (m, 1H), 1.03 (d, J=7.1, 3H), 0.90 (s, 9H), 0.08 (s, 6H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₃H₂₇NNaO₅Si: 328.16. found 328.53. The crude products were utilized without further purification.

Cap-81

Prepared according to the protocol described by Falb et al., Synthetic Communications, 23:2839 (1993).

Cap-82 to Cap-85

Cap-82 to Cap-85 were synthesized from appropriate starting materials according to the procedure described for Cap-51 or Cap-13. The samples exhibited similar spectral profiles as that of their stereoisomers (i.e., Cap-4, Cap-13, Cap-51 and Cap-52, respectively).

Cap-86

(2S,3R)-3-Methoxy-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)butanoic acid

To a mixture of O-methyl-L-threonine (3.0 g, 22.55 mmol), NaOH (0.902 g, 22.55 mmol) in H₂O (15 mL) was added C1CO₂Me (1.74 mL, 22.55 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was allowed to stir for 12 h and acidified to pH 1 using 1N HCl. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc and (2×250 mL) and 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (250 mL) and the combined organic phases were concentrated under in vacuo to afford a colorless oil (4.18 g, 97%) which was of sufficient purity for use in subsequent steps. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.19 (s, 1H), 3.92-3.97 (m, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 1.17 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₁₃NO₅: 191. found: 190 (M−H)⁻.

Cap-87

To a mixture of L-homoserine (2.0 g, 9.79 mmol), Na₂CO₃ (2.08 g, 19.59 mmol) in H₂O (15 mL) was added C1CO₂Me (0.76 mL, 9.79 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The mixture was allowed to stir for 48 h and acidified to pH 1 using 1N HCl. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc and (2×250 mL) and the combined organic phases were concentrated in vacuo to afford a colorless solid (0.719 g, 28%) which was of sufficient purity for use in subsequent steps. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.23 (dd, J=4.5, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.43-3.49 (m, 2H), 2.08-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.82-1.89 (m, 1H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₁₃NO₅: 191. found: 192 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-88

A mixture of L-valine (1.0 g, 8.54 mmol), 3-bromopyridine (1.8 mL, 18.7 mmol), K₂CO₃ (2.45 g, 17.7 mmol) and CuI (169 mg, 0.887 mmol) in DMSO (10 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to rt, poured into H₂O (ca. 150 mL) and washed with EtOAc (×2). The organic layers were extracted with a small amount of H₂O and the combined aq phases were acidified to ca. pH 2 with 6N HCl. The volume was reduced to about one-third and 20 g of cation exchange resin (Strata) was added. The slurry was allowed to stand for 20 min and loaded onto a pad of cation exchange resin (Strata) (ca. 25 g). The pad was washed with H₂O (200 mL), MeOH (200 mL), and then NH₃ (3M in MeOH, 2×200 mL). The appropriate fractions was concentrated in vacuo and the residue (ca. 1.1 g) was dissolved in H₂O, frozen and lyophyllized. The title compound was obtained as a foam (1.02 g, 62%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.00 (s, br, 1H), 7.68-7.71 (m, 1H), 7.01 (s, br, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 5.75 (s, br, 1H), 3.54 (s, 1H), 2.04-2.06 (m, 1H), 0.95 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 3H), 0.91 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₄N₂O₂: 194. found: 195 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-89

A mixture of L-valine (1.0 g, 8.54 mmol), 5-bromopyrimidine (4.03 g, 17.0 mmol), K₂CO₃ (2.40 g, 17.4 mmol) and CuI (179 mg, 0.94 mmol) in DMSO (10 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to RT, poured into H₂O (ca. 150 mL) and washed with EtOAc (×2). The organic layers were extracted with a small amount of H₂O and the combined aq phases were acidified to ca. pH 2 with 6N HCl. The volume was reduced to about one-third and 20 g of cation exchange resin (Strata) was added. The slurry was allowed to stand for 20 min and loaded onto a pad of cation exchange resin (Strata) (ca. 25 g). The pad was washed with H₂O (200 mL), MeOH (200 mL), and then NH₃ (3M in MeOH, 2×200 mL). The appropriate fractions was concentrated in vacuo and the residue (ca. 1.1 g) was dissolved in H₂O, frozen and lyophyllized. The title compound was obtained as a foam (1.02 g, 62%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) showed the mixture to contain valine and the purity could not be estimated. The material was used as is in subsequent reactions. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₃N₃O₂: 195. found: 196 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-90

Cap-90 was prepared according to the method described for the preparation of Cap-1. The crude material was used as is in subsequent steps. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₅NO₂: 193. found: 192 (M−H)⁻.

Cap-91 to Cap-116

The following Caps were prepared according to the method used for preparation of Cap-51 unless noted otherwise:

Cap Structure LC-MS Cap-91

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃NO₄: 223; found: 222 (M − H)⁻. Cap-92

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃NO₄: 223; found: 222 (M − H)⁻. Cap-93

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₄: 224; found: 225 (M + H)⁺. Cap-94

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₁N₃O₄: 213; found: 214 (M + H)⁺. Cap-95

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃H₁₇NO₄: 251; found: 250 (M − H)⁻. Cap-96

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅NO₄: 237; found: 236 (M − H)⁻. Cap-97

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₅NO₄: 201; found: 200 (M − H)⁻. Cap-98

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₅NO₄: 201; found: 202 (M + H)⁺. Cap-99

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.88- 3.94 (m, 1H), 3.60, 3.61 (s, 3H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m 1H), 1.82-1.94 (m, 3H), 1.45-1.71 (m, 2H). Cap-99a

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.88- 3.94 (m, 1H), 3.60, 3.61 (s, 3H), 2.80 (m, 1H), 2.20 (m 1H), 1.82-1.94 (m, 3H), 1.45-1.71 (m, 2H). Cap-100

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₄NO₄F: 255; found: 256 (M + H)⁺. Cap-101

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃NO₄: 223; found: 222 (M − H)⁻. Cap-102

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₁₃NO₄: 223; found: 222 (M − H)⁻ Cap-103

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₄: 224; found: 225 (M + H)⁺. Cap-104

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.60 (s, 3H), 3.50-3.53 (m, 1H), 2.66- 2.69 and 2.44-2.49 (m, 1H), 1.91- 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.74 (m, 4H), 1.51-1.62 (m, 2H). Cap-105

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.60 (s, 3H), 3.33-3.35 (m, 1H, partially obscured by solvent), 2.37-2.41 and 2.16-2.23 (m, 1H), 1.94-2.01 (m, 4H), 1.43-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.17-1.29 (m, 2H). Cap-106

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 3.16 (q, J = 7.3 Hz, 4H), 2.38-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.31 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.74 (app, ddd J = 3.5, 12.5, 15.9 Hz, 2H), 1.46 (app dt J = 4.0, 12.9 Hz, 2H), 1.26 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 6H) Cap-107

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₀N₂O₄S: 230; found: 231 (M + H)⁺. Cap-108

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₅H₁₇N₃O₄: 303; found: 304 (M + H)⁺. Cap-109

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₄: 224; found: 225 (M + H)⁺. Cap-110

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₂N₂O₄: 224; found: 225 (M + H)⁺. Cap-111

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₆NO₈P: 333; found: 334 (M + H)⁺. Cap-112

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₃H₁₄N₂O₄: 262; found: 263 (M + H)⁺. Cap-113

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₈H₁₉NO₅: 329; found: 330 (M + H]⁺. Cap-114

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.82- 4.84 (m, 1H), 4.00-4.05 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 2.56 (s, br, 2H) Cap-115

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.13 (s, br, 1H), 4.13 (s, br, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 2.61 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 2H), 1.28 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 3H). Cap-116

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 5.10 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.74-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 2.54-2.61 (m, 2H), 1.88 (sept, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 0.95 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 6H).

Cap-117 to Cap-123

For the preparation of Cap-117 to Cap-123 the Boc amino acids were obtained from commercially sources and were deprotected by treatment with 25% TFA in CH₂Cl₂. After complete reaction as judged by LC-MS the solvents were removed in vacuo and the corresponding TFA salt of the amino acid was carbamoylated with methyl chloroformate according to the procedure described for Cap-51.

Cap Structure LC-MS Cap-117

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₂H₁₅NO₄: 237; found: 238 (M + H)⁺. Cap-118

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃NO₄S: 243; found: 244 (M + H)⁺. Cap-119

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃NO₄S: 243; found: 244 (M + H)⁺. Cap-120

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₀H₁₃NO₄S: 243; found: 244 (M + H)⁺. Cap-121

¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 4.06-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.63 (s, 3H), 3.43 (s, 1H), 2.82 and 2.66 (s, br, 1H), 1.86-2.10 (m, 3H), 1.64-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.44-1.53 (m, 1H). Cap-122

¹H NMR profile is similar to that of its stereoisomer, Cap-121. Cap-123

LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₂₇H₂₆N₂O₆: 474; found: 475 (M + H)⁺.

Cap-124

The hydrochloride salt of L-threonine tert-butyl ester was carbamoylated according to the procedure for Cap-51. The crude reaction mixture was acidified with 1N HCl to pH-1 and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic phases were concentrated in vacuo to give a colorless oil which solidified on standing. The aqueous layer was concentrated in vacuo and the resulting mixture of product and inorganic salts was triturated with EtOAc—CH₂Cl₂-MeOH (1:1:0.1) and then the organic phase concentrated in vacuo to give a colorless oil which was shown by LC-MS to be the desired product. Both crops were combined to give 0.52 g of a solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 4.60 (m, 1H), 4.04 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 1.49 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₅H₇NO₄: 145. found: 146 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-125

To a suspension of Pd(OH)₂, (20%, 100 mg), aqueous formaldehyde (37% wt, 4 ml), acetic acid, (0.5 mL) in methanol (15 mL) was added (S)-4-amino-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)butanoic acid (1 g, 4.48 mmol). The reaction was purged several times with hydrogen and was stirred overnight with an hydrogen balloon room temperature. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of diatomaceous earth (CELITE®), and the volatile component was removed in vacuo. The resulting crude material was used as is for the next step. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₁H₂₂N₂O₄: 246. found: 247 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-126

This procedure is a modification of that used to prepare Cap-51. To a suspension of 3-methyl-L-histidine (0.80 g, 4.70 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and H₂O (10 mL) at 0° C. was added NaHCO₃ (0.88 g, 10.5 mmol). The resulting mixture was treated with C1CO₂Me (0.40 mL, 5.20 mmol) and the mixture allowed to stir at 0° C. After stirring for ca. 2 h LC-MS showed no starting material remaining. The reaction was acidified to pH 2 with 6 N HCl.

The solvents were removed in vacuo and the residue was suspended in 20 mL of 20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂. The mixture was filtered and concentrated to give a light yellow foam (1.21 g). LC-MS and ¹H NMR showed the material to be a 9:1 mixture of the methyl ester and the desired product. This material was taken up in THF (10 mL) and H₂O (10 mL), cooled to 0° C. and LiOH (249.1 mg, 10.4 mmol) was added. After stirring ca. 1 h LC-MS showed no ester remaining. Therefore the mixture was acidified with 6N HCl and the solvents removed in vacuo. LC-MS and ¹H NMR confirm the absence of the ester. The title compound was obtained as its HCl salt contaminated with inorganic salts (1.91 g, >100%). The compound was used as is in subsequent steps without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.84, (s, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 4.52 (dd, J=5.0, 9.1 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.35 (dd, J=4.5, 15.6 Hz, 1H, partially obscured by solvent), 3.12 (dd, J=9.0, 15.6 Hz, 1H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₃N₃O₄: 227.09. found: 228.09 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-127

Cap-127 was prepared according to the method for Cap-126 above starting from (S)-2-amino-3-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (1.11 g, 6.56 mmol), NaHCO₃ (1.21 g, 14.4 mmol) and C1CO₂Me (0.56 mL, 7.28 mmol). The title compound was obtained as its HCl salt (1.79 g, >100%) contaminated with inorganic salts. LC-MS and ¹H NMR showed the presence of ca. 5% of the methyl ester. The crude mixture was used as is without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 8.90 (s, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 4.48 (dd, J=5.0, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.35 (m, 1H), 3.08 (m, 1H); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₉H₁₃N₃O₄: 227.09. found: 228 (M+H)⁺.

Preparation of Cap-128

Step 1. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)pent-4-ynoate (cj-27b)

To a solution of cj-27a (1.01 g, 4.74 mmol), DMAP (58 mg, 0.475 mmol) and iPr₂NEt (1.7 mL, 9.8 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) at 0° C. was added Cbz-Cl (0.68 mL, 4.83 mmol). The solution was allowed to stir for 4 h at 0° C., washed (1N KHSO₄, brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by flash column chromatography (TLC 6:1 hex:EtOAc) to give the title compound (1.30 g, 91%) as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.35 (s, 5H), 5.35 (d, br, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.48-4.53 (m, 1H), 2.68-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.00 (t, J=2.5 Hz, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₇H₂₁NO₄: 303. found: 304 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 3-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)propanoate (cj-28)

To a mixture of (S)-benzyl 2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)pent-4-ynoate (0.50 g, 1.65 mmol), sodium ascorbate (0.036 g, 0.18 mmol), CuSO₄-5H₂O (0.022 g, 0.09 mmol) and NaN₃ (0.13 g, 2.1 mmol) in DMF-H₂O (5 mL, 4:1) at rt was added BnBr (0.24 mL, 2.02 mmol) and the mixture was warmed to 65° C. After 5 h LC-MS indicated low conversion. A further portion of NaN₃ (100 mg) was added and heating was continued for 12 h. The reaction was poured into EtOAc and H₂O and shaken. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted 3× with EtOAc and the combined organic phases washed (H₂O×3, brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash (BIOTAGE®, 40+M 0-5% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂; TLC 3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂) to afford a light yellow oil which solidified on standing (748.3 mg, 104%). The NMR was consistent with the desired product but suggests the presence of DMF. The material was used as is without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.84 (s, 1H), 7.27-7.32 (m, 10H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 5.07 (s, 2H), 4.25 (m, 1H), 3.16 (dd, J=1.0, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (dd, J=5.3, 14.7 Hz), 2.96 (dd, J=9.1, 14.7 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 9H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₂₄H₂₈N₄O₄: 436. found: 437 (M+H)⁺.

Step 3. Preparation of (S)-benzyl 3-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)propanoate (cj-29)

A solution of (S)-benzyl 3-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)propanoate (0.52 g, 1.15 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ was added TFA (4 mL). The mixture was allowed to stir at room temperature for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give a colorless oil which solidified on standing. This material was dissolved in THF-H₂O and cooled to 0° C. Solid NaHCO₃ (0.25 g, 3.00 mmol) was added followed by C1CO₂Me (0.25 mL, 3.25 mmol). After stirring for 1.5 h the mixture was acidified to pH˜2 with 6N HCl and then poured into H₂O-EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aq phase extracted 2× with EtOAc. The combined org layers were washed (H₂O, brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to give a colorless oil (505.8 mg, 111%, NMR suggested the presence of an unidentified impurity) which solidified while standing on the pump. The material was used as is without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.87 (s, 1H), 7.70 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.27-7.32 (m, 10H), 5.54 (s, 2H), 5.10 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.32-4.37 (m, 1H), 3.49 (s, 3H), 3.09 (dd, J=5.6, 14.7 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (dd, J=9.6, 14.7 Hz, 1H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₂₁H₂₂N₄O₄: 394. found: 395 (M+H)⁺.

Step 4. Preparation of (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (Cap-128)

(S)-Benzyl 3-(1-benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)propanoate (502 mg, 1.11 mmol) was hydrogenated in the presence of Pd—C (82 mg) in MeOH (5 mL) at atmospheric pressure for 12 h. The mixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®) and concentrated in vacuo. (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)propanoic acid was obtained as a colorless gum (266 mg, 111%) which was contaminated with ca. 10% of the methyl ester. The material was used as is without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 12.78 (s, br, 1H), 7.59 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.19-4.24 (m, 1H), 3.49 (s, 3H), 3.12 (dd, J=4.8 Hz, 14.9 Hz, 1H), 2.96 (dd, J=9.9, 15.0 Hz, 1H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₇H₁₀N₄O₄: 214. found: 215 (M+H)⁺.

Preparation of Cap-129

Step 1. Preparation of (S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanoic acid (cj-31)

A suspension of (S)-benzyl 2-oxooxetan-3-ylcarbamate (0.67 g, 3.03 mmol), and pyrazole (0.22 g, 3.29 mmol) in CH₃CN (12 mL) was heated at 50° C. for 24 h. The mixture was cooled to rt overnight and the solid filtered to afford (S)-2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanoic acid (330.1 mg). The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and then triturated with a small amount of CH₃CN (ca. 4 mL) to afford a second crop (43.5 mg). Total yield 370.4 mg (44%). m.p. 165.5-168° C. lit m.p. 168.5-169.5 [Vederas et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 107:7105 (1985)]. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CD₃OD) δ 7.51 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.48 (s, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.24-7.34 (m, 5H), 6.23 m, 1H), 5.05 (d, 12.7; H, 1H), 5.03 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 4.59-4.66 (m, 2H), 4.42-4.49 (m, 1H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₁₄H₁₅N₃O₄: 289. found: 290 (M+H)⁺.

Step 2. Preparation of (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanoic acid (Cap-129)

(S)-2-(Benzyloxycarbonylamino)-3-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)propanoic acid (0.20 g, 0.70 mmol) was hydrogenated in the presence of Pd—C (45 mg) in MeOH (5 mL) at atmospheric pressure for 2 h. The product appeared to be insoluble in MeOH, therefore the reaction mixture was diluted with 5 mL H₂O and a few drops of 6N HCl. The homogeneous solution was filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®), and the MeOH removed in vacuo. The remaining solution was frozen and lyophyllized to give a yellow foam (188.9 mg). This material was suspended in THF-H₂O (1:1, mL) and then cooled to 0° C. To the cold mixture was added NaHCO₃ (146.0 mg, 1.74 mmol) carefully (evolution of CO₂). After gas evolution had ceased (ca. 15 min) ClCO₂Me (0.06 mL, 0.78 mmol) was added dropwise. The mixture was allowed to stir for 2 h and was acidified to pH˜2 with 6N HCl and poured into EtOAc. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase extracted with EtOAC (×5). The combined organic layers were washed (brine), dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered, and concentrated to give the title compound as a colorless solid (117.8 mg, 79%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.04 (s, 1H), 7.63 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 6.19 (app t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.47 (dd, J=3.0, 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.41 (m, 2H), 3.48 (s, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for C₈H₁₁N₃O₄: 213. found: 214 (M+H)⁺.

Cap-130

Cap-130 was prepared by acylation of commercially available (R)-phenylglycine analogous to the procedure given in: Calmes, M. et al., Tetrahedron, 43(10):2285 (1987).

Cap-131

Step a: Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride (0.92 mL, 10 mmol) was added slowly to a solution of (S)-benzyl 2-amino-3-methylbutanoate hydrochloride (2.44 g; 10 mmol) and Hunig's base (3.67 mL, 21 mmol) in THF (50 mL). The resulting white suspension was stirred at room temperature overnight (16 hours) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting yellow oil was purified by flash chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate:hexanes (1:1). Collected fractions were concentrated under vacuum providing 2.35 g (85%) of clear oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 0.84 (d, J=6.95 Hz, 3H), 0.89 (d, J=6.59 Hz, 3H), 1.98-2.15 (m, 1H), 2.80 (s, 6H), 5.01-5.09 (m, J=12.44 Hz, 1H), 5.13 (d, J=12.44 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (d, J=8.05 Hz, 1H), 7.26-7.42 (m, 5H). LC (Cond. 1): RT=1.76 min; MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₂₂N₂O₃: 279.17. found 279.03.

Step b: To an MeOH (50 mL) solution of the intermediate prepared above (2.35 g; 8.45 mmol) was added Pd/C (10%; 200 mg) and the resulting black suspension was flushed with N₂ (3×) and placed under 1 atm of H₂. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight and filtered though a microfiber filter to remove the catalyst. The resulting clear solution was then concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 1.43 g (89%) of Cap-131 as a white foam, which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 0.87 (d, J=4.27 Hz, 3H), 0.88 (d, J=3.97 Hz, 3H), 1.93-2.11 (m, 1H), 2.80 (s, 6H), 3.90 (dd, J=8.39, 6.87 Hz, 1H), 5.93 (d, J=8.54 Hz, 1H), 12.36 (s, 1H). LC (Cond. 1): RT=0.33 min; MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₈H₁₇N₂O₃: 189.12. found 189.04.

Cap-132

Cap-132 was prepared from (S)-benzyl 2-aminopropanoate hydrochloride according to the method described for Cap-131. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 1.27 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 3H), 2.80 (s, 6H), 4.06 (qt, 1H), 6.36 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 1H), 12.27 (s, 1H). LC (Cond. 1): RT=0.15 min; MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₆H₁₃N₂O₃: 161.09. found 161.00.

Cap-133

Cap-133 was prepared from (S)-tert-butyl 2-amino-3-methylbutanoate hydrochloride and 2-fluoroethyl chloroformate according to the method described for Cap-47. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 0.87 (t, J=6.71 Hz, 6H), 1.97-2.10 (m, 1H), 3.83 (dd, J=8.39, 5.95 Hz, 1H), 4.14-4.18 (m, 1H), 4.20-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.50-4.54 (m, 1H), 4.59-4.65 (m, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=8.54 Hz, 1H), 12.54 (s, 1H).

Cap-134

Cap-134 was prepared from (S)-diethyl alanine and methyl chloroformate according to the method described for Cap-51. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 0.72-0.89 (m, 6H), 1.15-1.38 (m, 4H), 1.54-1.66 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.63 (m, 3H), 4.09 (dd, J=8.85, 5.19 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (d, J=8.85 Hz, 1H), 12.55 (s, 1H). LC (Cond. 2): RT=0.66 min; LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₉H₁₈NO₄: 204.12. found 204.02.

Cap-135

A solution of D-2-amino-(4-fluorophenyl)acetic acid (338 mg, 2.00 mmol), 1N HCl in diethylether (2.0 mL, 2.0 mmol) and formalin (37%, 1 mL) in methanol (5 mL) was subjected to balloon hydrogenation over 10% palladium on carbon (60 mg) for 16 h at 25° C. The mixture was then filtered through CELITE® to afford the HCl salt of Cap-135 as a white foam (316 mg, 80%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, MeOH-d₄) δ 7.59 (dd, J=8.80, 5.10 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (t, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 5.17 (s, 1H), 3.05 (v br s, 3H), 2.63 (v br s, 3H); R_(t)=0.19 min (Cond.-MS-WS); 95% homogenity index; LRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₃FNO₂: 198.09. found: 198.10.

Cap-136

To a cooled (−50° C.) suspension of 1-benzyl-1H-imidazole (1.58 g, 10.0 mmol) in anhydrous diethyl ether (50 mL) under nitrogen was added n-butyl lithium (2.5 M in hexanes, 4.0 mL, 10.0 mmol) dropwise. After being stirred for 20 min at −50° C., dry carbon dioxide (passed through Drierite) was bubbled into the reaction mixture for 10 min before it was allowed to warm up to 25° C. The heavy precipitate which formed on addition of carbon dioxide to the reaction mixture was filtered to yield a hygroscopic, white solid which was taken up in water (7 mL), acidified to pH 3, cooled, and induced to crystallize with scratching. Filtration of this precipitate gave a white solid which was suspended in methanol, treated with 1N HCl/diethyl ether (4 mL) and concentrated in vacuo. Lyophilization of the residue from water (5 mL) afforded the HCl salt of Cap-136 as a white solid (817 mg, 40%). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.94 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.50-7.31 (m, 5H), 5.77 (s, 2H); R_(t)=0.51 min (Cond.-MS-W5); 95% homogenity index; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₂N₂O₂: 203.08. found: 203.11.

Cap-137

Cap-137 Step a

A suspension of 1-chloro-3-cyanoisoquinoline (188 mg, 1.00 mmol; prepared according to the procedure in WO 2003/099274) (188 mg, 1.00 mmol), cesium fluoride (303.8 mg, 2.00 mmol), bis(tri-tert-butylphosphine)palladium dichloride (10 mg, 0.02 mmol) and 2-(tributylstannyl)furan (378 μL, 1.20 mmol) in anhydrous dioxane (10 mL) under nitrogen was heated at 80° C. for 16 h before it was cooled to 25° C. and treated with saturated, aqueous potassium fluoride solution with vigorous stirring for 1 h. The mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water and the organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. Purification of the residue on silica gel (elution with 0% to 30% ethyl acetate/hexanes) afforded Cap-137, Step a as a white solid which was used as is (230 mg, 105%). R_(t)=1.95 min (Cond.-MS-W2); 90% homogeneity index; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₈N₂O: 221.07. found: 221.12.

Cap-137

To a suspension of Cap-137, Step a (110 mg, 0.50 mmol) and sodium periodate (438 mg, 2.05 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (1 mL), acetonitrile (1 mL) and water (1.5 mL) was added ruthenium trichloride hydrate (2 mg, 0.011 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h and then partitioned between dichloromethane and water. The aqueous layer was separated, extracted twice more with dichloromethane and the combined dichloromethane extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. Trituration of the residue with hexanes afforded Cap-137 (55 mg, 55%) as a grayish-colored solid. R_(t)=1.10 min (Cond.-MS-W2); 90% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺C₁₁H₈N₂O₂: 200.08. found: 200.08.

Cap-138 to Cap-158

Synthetic Strategy. Method A.

Cap-138

Cap-138 Step a

To a stirred suspension of 5-hydroxisoquinoline (prepared according to the procedure in WO 2003/099274) (2.0 g, 13.8 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (4.3 g, 16.5 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (20 mL) was added dry methanol (0.8 mL) and diethyl azodicarboxylate (3.0 mL, 16.5 mmol) portionwise. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 h before it was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was preabsorbed onto silica gel and purified (elution with 40% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to afford Cap-138, Step a as a light yellow solid (1.00 g, 45%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 9.19 (s, 1H), 8.51 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.52-7.50 (m, 2H), 7.00-6.99 (m, 1H), 4.01 (s, 3H); R_(t)=0.66 min (Cond. D2); 95% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₀NO: 160.08. found 160.10.

Cap-138 Step b

To a stirred solution of Cap-138, Step a (2.34 g, 14.7 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (50 mL) at room temperature was added meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (77%, 3.42 g, 19.8 mmol) in one portion. After being stirred for 20 h, powdered potassium carbonate (2.0 g) was added and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature before it was filtered and concentrated to afford Cap-138, Step b as a pale, yellow solid which was sufficiently pure to carry forward (2.15 g, 83.3%). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 8.73 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.11 (dd, J=7.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 1H), 7.52 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.28 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (s, 3H); R_(t)=0.92 min, (Cond.-D1); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₀NO₂: 176.07. found: 176.0.

Cap-138 Step c

To a stirred solution of Cap-138, Step b (0.70 g, 4.00 mmol) and triethylamine (1.1 mL, 8.00 mmol) in dry acetonitrile (20 mL) at room temperature under nitrogen was added trimethylsilylcyanide (1.60 mL, 12.00 mmol). The mixture was heated at 75° C. for 20 h before it was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine prior to drying over Na₂SO₄ and solvent concentration. The residue was flash chromatographed on silica gel (elution with 5% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to 25% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford Cap-138, Step c (498.7 mg) as a white, crystalline solid along with 223 mg of additional Cap-138, Step c recovered from the filtrate. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 8.63 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 8.26 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.69 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (s, 3H); R_(t)=1.75 min, (Cond.-D1); 90% homogeneity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₉N₂O: 185.07. found: 185.10.

Cap-138

Cap-138, Step c (0.45 g, 2.44 mmol) was treated with 5N sodium hydroxide solution (10 mL) and the resulting suspension was heated at 85° C. for 4 h, cooled to 25° C., diluted with dichloromethane and acidified with 1N hydrochloric acid. The organic phase was separated, washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, concentrated to ¼ volume and filtered to afford Cap-138 as a yellow solid (0.44 g, 88.9%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 13.6 (br s, 1H), 8.56 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.71-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.02 (s, 3H); R_(t)=0.70 min (Cond.-D1); 95% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₀NO₃: 204.07. found: 204.05.

Synthetic Strategy. Method B (Derived from Tetrahedron Letters, 42:6707 (2001)).

Cap-139

Cap-139 Step a

To a thick-walled, screw-top vial containing an argon-degassed suspension of 1-chloro-6-methoxyisoquinoline (1.2 g, 6.2 mmol; prepared according to the procedure in WO 2003/099274), potassium cyanide (0.40 g, 6.2 mmol), 1,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane (0.27 g, 0.62 mmol) and palladium (II) acetate (70 mg, 0.31 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (6 mL) was added N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (0.29 mL, 2.48 mmol). The vial was sealed, heated at 150° C. for 22 h and then allowed to cool to 25° C. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel eluting with 5% ethyl acetate/hexanes to 25% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford Cap-139, Step a as a white solid (669.7 mg). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 8.54 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 1H), 7.41-7.39 (m, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (s, 3H); R_(t)=1.66 min (Cond.-D1); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₉N₂O: 185.07. found: 185.20.

Cap-139

Cap-139 was prepared from the basic hydrolysis of Cap-139, Step a with 5N NaOH according to the procedure described for Cap-138. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 13.63 (v br s, 1H), 8.60 (d, J=9.3 Hz, 1H), 8.45 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44 (dd, J=9.3, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H); R_(t)=0.64 min (Cond.-D1); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₀NO₃: 204.07. found: 204.05.

Cap-140

Cap-140 Step a

To a vigorously-stirred mixture of 1,3-dichloro-5-ethoxyisoquinoline (482 mg, 2.00 mmol; prepared according to the procedure in WO 2005/051410), palladium (II) acetate (9 mg, 0.04 mmol), sodium carbonate (223 mg, 2.10 mmol) and 1,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane (35 mg, 0.08 mmol) in dry dimethylacetamide (2 mL) at 25° C. under nitrogen was added N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (60 mL, 0.40 mmol). After 10 min, the mixture was heated to 150° C., and then a stock solution of acetone cyanohydrin (prepared from 457 μL of acetone cyanohydrin in 4.34 mL DMA) was added in 1 mL portions over 18 h using a syringe pump. The mixture was then partitioned between ethyl acetate and water and the organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified on silica gel eluting with 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes to 40% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford Cap-140, Step a as a yellow solid (160 mg, 34%). R_(t)=2.46 min (Cond.-MS-W2); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₉ClN₂O: 233.05. found: 233.08.

Cap-140

Cap-140 was prepared by the acid hydrolysis of Cap-140, Step a with 12N HCl as described in the procedure for the preparation of Cap-141, described below. R_(t)=2.24 min (Cond.-MS-W2); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₁ClNO₃: 252.04. found: 252.02.

Cap-141

Cap-141 Step a

Cap-141, Step a was prepared from 1-bromo-3-fluoroisoquinoline (prepared from 3-amino-1-bromoisoquinoline using the procedure outlined in J. Med. Chem., 13:613 (1970)) as described in the procedure for the preparation of Cap-140, Step a (vide supra). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.35 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.93 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.83 (t, J=7.63 Hz, 1H), 7.77-7.73 (m, 1H), 7.55 (s, 1H); R_(t)=1.60 min (Cond.-D1); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₆FN₂: 173.05. found: 172.99. Cap-141

Cap-141, Step a (83 mg, 0.48 mmol) was treated with 12N HCl (3 mL) and the resulting slurry was heated at 80° C. for 16 h before it was cooled to room temperature and diluted with water (3 mL). The mixture was stirred for 10 min and then filtered to afford Cap-141 as an off-white solid (44.1 mg, 47.8%). The filtrate was diluted with dichloromethane and washed with brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, and concentrated to afford additional Cap-141 which was sufficiently pure to be carried forward directly (29.30 mg, 31.8%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 14.0 (br s, 1H), 8.59-8.57 (m, 1H), 8.10 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.88-7.85 (m, 2H), 7.74-7.71 (m, 1H); R_(t)=1.33 min (Cond.-D1); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₂FNO₂: 192.05. found: 191.97.

Cap-142

Cap-142 Step a

Cap-142, Step a was prepared from 4-bromoisoquinoline N-oxide as described in the two-step procedure for the preparation of Cap-138, steps b and c. R_(t)=1.45 min (Cond.-MS-W1); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₆BrN₂: 232.97. found: 233.00.

Cap-142 Step b

To an argon-degassed suspension of Cap-142, Step a (116 mg, 0.50 mmol), potassium phosphate tribasic (170 mg, 0.80 mmol), palladium (II) acetate (3.4 mg, 0.015 mmol) and 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl (11 mg, 0.03 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (1 mL) was added morpholine (61 μL, 0.70 mmol). The mixture was heated at 100° C. for 16 h, cooled to 25° C. and filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®). Purification of the residue on silica gel, eluting with 10% to 70% ethyl acetate/hexanes afforded Cap-142, Step b (38 mg, 32%) as a yellow solid, which was carried forward directly. R_(t)=1.26 min (Cond.-MS-W1); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₁₄N₃O: 240.11. found: 240.13.

Cap-142

Cap-142 was prepared from Cap-142, Step b with 5N sodium hydroxide as described in the procedure for Cap-138. R_(t)=0.72 min (Cond.-MS-W1); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₁₅N₂O₃: 259.11. found: 259.08.

Cap-143

Cap-143 Step a

To a stirred solution of 3-amino-1-bromoisoquinoline (444 mg, 2.00 mmol) in anhydrous dimethylformamide (10 mL) was added sodium hydride (60%, unwashed, 96 mg, 2.4 mmol) in one portion. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 5 min before 2-bromoethyl ether (90%, 250 mL, 2.00 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred further at 25° C. for 5 h and at 75° C. for 72 h before it was cooled to 25° C., quenched with saturated ammonium chloride solution and diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, washed with water and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. Purification of the residue on silica gel eluting with 0% to 70% ethyl acetate/hexanes afforded Cap-143, Step a as a yellow solid (180 mg, 31%). R_(t)=1.75 min (Cond.-MS-W1); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₁₄BrN₂O: 293.03. found: 293.04.

Cap-143

To a cold (−60° C.) solution of Cap-143, Step a (154 mg, 0.527 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added a solution of n-butyllithium in hexanes (2.5 M, 0.25 mL, 0.633 mmol). After 10 min, dry carbon dioxide was bubbled into the reaction mixture for 10 min before it was quenched with 1N HCl and allowed to warm to 25° C. The mixture was then extracted with dichloromethane (3×30 mL) and the combined organic extracts were concentrated in vacuo. Purification of the residue by a reverse phase HPLC (MeOH/water/TFA) afforded Cap-143 (16 mg, 12%). R_(t)=1.10 min (Cond.-MS-W1); 90% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₁₅N₂O₃: 259.11. found: 259.08.

Cap-144

Cap-144 Step a

1,3-Dichloroisoquinoline (2.75 g, 13.89 mmol) was added in small portions to a cold (0° C.) solution of fuming nitric acid (10 mL) and concentrated sulfuric acid (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 0.5 h before it was gradually warmed to 25° C. where it stirred for 16 h. The mixture was then poured into a beaker containing chopped ice and water and the resulting suspension was stirred for 1 h at 0° C. before it was filtered to afford Cap-144, Step a (2.73 g, 81%) as a yellow solid which was used directly. R_(t)=2.01 min. (Cond.-D1); 95% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₉H₅Cl₂N₂O₂: 242.97. found: 242.92.

Cap-144 Step b

Cap-144, Step a (0.30 g, 1.23 mmol) was taken up in methanol (60 mL) and treated with platinum oxide (30 mg), and the suspension was subjected to Parr hydrogenation at 7 psi H₂ for 1.5 h. Then formalin (5 mL) and additional platinum oxide (30 mg) were added, and the suspension was resubjected to Parr hydrogenation at 45 psi H₂ for 13 h. It was then suction-filtered through diatomaceous earth (CELITE®) and concentrated down to ¼ volume. Suction-filtration of the ensuing precipitate afforded the title compound as a yellow solid which was flash chromatographed on silica gel eluting with 5% ethyl acetate in hexanes to 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes to afford Cap-144, Step b (231 mg, 78%) as a pale yellow solid. R_(t)=2.36 min (Cond.-D1); 95% homogenity index; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.95 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.57-7.53 (m, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (s, 6H); LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₁Cl₂N₂: 241.03. found: 241.02. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₁Cl₂N₂: 241.0299. found: 241.0296.

Cap-144 Step c

Cap-144, Step c was prepared from Cap-144, Step b according to the procedure described for the preparation of Cap-139, Step a. R_(t)=2.19 min (Cond.-D1); 95% homogenity index; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₁ClN₃: 232.06. found: 232.03. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₁ClN₃: 232.0642. found: 232.0631.

Cap-144

Cap-144 was prepared according to the procedure described for Cap-141. R_(t)=2.36 min (Cond.-D1); 90%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₂ClN₂O₂: 238.01. found: 238.09.

Cap-145 to Cap-162

Cap-145 to Cap-162 were prepared from the appropriate 1-chloroisoquinolines according to the procedure described for the preparation of Cap-138 (Method A) or Cap-139 (Method B) unless noted otherwise as outlined below.

R_(t) (LC- Cond.); % homogeneity index; MS Cap-# Cap Method Hydrolysis data Cap-145

  Prepared from commercially available 1,3-dichloroisoquinoline B 12N HCl 1.14 min (Cond.-MS- W1); 90%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₀H₇ClNO₂: 208.02; found: 208.00. Cap-146

  Prepared from commercially available 3-hydroxyisoquinoline A 5N NaOH 1.40 min (Cond.-D1); 95%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₀NO₃: 204.07; found: 204.06. Cap-147

  Prepared from commercially available 1-chloro-4- hydroxyisoquinoline B 5N NaOH 0.87 min (Cond.-D1); 95%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₀NO₃: 204.07; found: 204.05. Cap-148

  Prepared from commercially available 7-hydroxyisoquinoline A 5N NaOH 0.70 min (Cond.-D1); 95%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₀NO₃: 204.07; found: 204.05. Cap-149

  Prepared from commercially available 5-hydroxyisoquinoline A 5N NaOH 0.70 min (Cond.-D1); 95%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₀NO₃: 204.07; found: 204.05. Cap-150

  Prepared from 8- methoxy-1- chloroisoquinoline, which can be synthesized following the procedure in WO 2003/099274 A 12N HCl 0.26 min (Cond.-D1); 95%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₀NO₃: 204.07; found: 204.04. Cap-151 3-chloro-5- methoxyisoquinoline- 1-carboxylic acid

  Prepared from 5- methoxy-1,3- dichloroisoquinoline, which can be synthesized following the procedure in WO 2005/051410 B 12N HCl 1.78 min (Cond.-D1); 90%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₁H₉ClNO₃: 238.03; found: 238.09. Cap-152

  Prepared from commercially available 6-methoxy-1,3- dichloroisoquinoline B 12N HCl 1.65 min (Cond.-D1); 95%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₁H₉ClNO₃: 238.00; found: 238.09. Cap-153

  Prepared from 4- bromoisoquinoline, which can be synthesized following the procedure in WO 2003/062241 A 6N HCl 1.18 min (Cond.-MS- W1); 95%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₀H₇BrNO₂: 251.97; found: 251.95. Cap-154

  Prepared from 7-fluoro- 1-chloroisoquinoline, which can be synthesized following the procedure in WO 2003/099274 B 5N NaOH 0.28 min (Cond.-MS- W1); 90%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₀H₇FNO₂: 192.05; found: 192.03. Cap-155

  Prepared from 1,7- dichloroisoquinoline, which can be synthesized following the procedure in WO 2003/099274 B 5N NaOH 0.59 min (Cond.-MS- W1); 90%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₀H₇ClNO₂: 208.02; found: 208.00. Cap-156

  Prepared from 1,6- dichloroisoquinoline, which can be synthesized following the procedure in WO 2003/099274 B 5N NaOH 0.60 min (Cond.-MS- W1); 90%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₀H₇ClNO₂: 208.02; found: 208.03. Cap-157

  Prepared from 1,4- dichloroisoquinoline, which can be synthesized following the procedure in WO 2003/062241 B 12N HCl 1.49 min (Cond.-D1); 95%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₇ClNO: 208.02; found: 208.00. Cap-158

  Prepared from 1,5- dichloroisoquinoline, which can be synthesized following the procedure in WO 2003/099274 B 5N NaOH 0.69 min (Cond.-MS- W1); 90%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₀H₇ClNO₂: 208.02; found: 208.01. Cap-159

  Prepared from 5-fluoro- 1-chloroisoquinoline, which can be synthesized following the procedure in WO 2003/099274 B 5N NaOH 0.41 min (Cond.-MS- W1); 90%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₀H₇FNO₂: 192.05; found: 192.03. Cap-160

  Prepared from 6-fluoro- 1-chloroisoquinoline, which can be synthesized following the procedure in WO 2003/099274 B 5N NaOH 0.30 min (Cond.-MS- W1); 90%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₀H₇FNO₂: 192.05; found: 192.03. Cap-161

  Prepared from 4- bromoquinoline-2- carboxylic acid and dimethylamine (DMSO, 100° C.) — — 0.70 min (Cond. D1); 95%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₃N₂O₂: 217.10; found: 217.06. Cap-162

  Prepared from m- anisidine following the procedure described in J. Hetero. Chem., 17 (1993) and Heterocycles, 60:953 (2003). — — 0.65 min (Cond.-M3); 95%; LC-MS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₀NO₃: 204.07; found: 203.94.

Cap-163

To a solution of 2-ketobutyric acid (1.0 g, 9.8 mmol) in diethylether (25 ml) was added phenylmagnesium bromide (22 ml, 1M in THF) dropwise. The reaction was stirred at ˜25° C. under nitrogen for 17.5 h. The reaction was acidified with 1N HCl and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 ml). The combined organic layer was washed with water followed by brine and dried over MgSO₄. After concentration in vacuo, a white solid was obtained. The solid was recrystallized from hexanes/ethyl acetate to afford Cap-163 as white needles (883.5 mg). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): 12.71 (br s, 1H), 7.54-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.34-7.31 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.23 (m, 1H), 5.52-5.39 (br s, 1H), 2.11 (m, 1H), 1.88 (m, 1H), 0.79 (app t, J=7.4 Hz, 3H).

Cap-164

A mixture of 2-amino-2-phenylbutyric acid (1.5 g, 8.4 mmol), formaldehyde (14 mL, 37% in water), 1N HCl (10 mL) and 10% Pd/C (0.5 mg) in MeOH (40 mL) was exposed to H₂ at 50 psi in a Parr bottle for 42 h. The reaction was filtered over CELITE® and concentrated in vacuo, the residue was taken up in MeOH (36 mL) and the product was purified with a reverse phase HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to afford the TFA salt of Cap-164 as a white solid (1.7 g). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 500 MHz) 7.54-7.47 (m, 5H), 2.63 (m, 1H), 2.55 (s, 6H), 2.31 (m, 1H), 0.95 (app t, J=7.3 Hz, 3H).

Cap-165

To a mixture of 2-amino-2-indanecarboxylic acid (258.6 mg, 1.46 mmol) and formic acid (0.6 ml, 15.9 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (7 ml) was added formaldehyde (0.6 ml, 37% in water). The mixture was stirred at ˜25° C. for 15 min then heated at 70° C. for 8 h. The volatile component was removed in vacuo, and the residue was dissolved in DMF (14 mL) and purified by a reverse phase HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to afford the TFA salt of Cap-165 as a viscous oil (120.2 mg). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): 7.29-7.21 (m, 4H), 3.61 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 2H), 3.50 (d, J=17.4 Hz, 2H), 2.75 (s, 6H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₁₆NO₂: 206.12. found: 206.07.

Cap-166a and Cap-166b

Cap-166a and Cap-166b were prepared from (1S,4S)-(+)-2-methyl-2,5-diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (2HBr) according to the method described for the synthesis of Cap-7a and Cap-7b, with the exception that the benzyl ester intermediate was separated using a semi-prep Chrialcel OJ column, 20×250 mm, 10 [tm eluting with 85:15 heptane/ethanol mixture at 10 mL/min elution rate for 25 min. Cap-166b: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 500 MHz): 7.45 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.27-7.19 (m, 3H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 3.34 (app br s, 1H), 3.16 (app br s, 1H), 2.83 (d, J=10.1 Hz, 1H), 2.71 (m, 2H), 2.46 (m, 1H), 2.27 (s, 3H), 1.77 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 1H), 1.63 (d, J=9.8 Hz, 1H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₁₉N₂O₂: 247.14. found: 247.11.

Cap-167

A solution of racemic Boc-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindole carboxylic acid (1.0 g, 3.8 mmol) in 20% TFA/CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at ˜25° C. for 4 h. All the volatile component was removed in vacuo. A mixture of the resultant crude material, formaldehyde (15 mL, 37% in water), 1N HCl (10 mL) and 10% Pd/C (10 mg) in MeOH was exposed to H₂ (40 PSI) in a Parr bottle for 23 h. The reaction mixture was filtered over CELITE® and concentrated in vacuo to afford Cap-167 as a yellow foam (873.5 mg). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, δ=2.5 ppm, 500 MHz) 7.59-7.38 (m, 4H), 5.59 (s, 1H), 4.84 (d, J=14 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (s, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₂NO₂: 178.09. found: 178.65.

Cap-168

Racemic Cap-168 was prepared from racemic Boc-aminoindane-1-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for the preparation of Cap-167. The crude material was employed as such.

Cap-169

A mixture of 2-amino-2-phenylpropanoic acid hydrochloride (5.0 g, 2.5 mmol), formaldehyde (15 ml, 37% in water), 1N HCl (15 ml), and 10% Pd/C (1.32 g) in MeOH (60 mL) was placed in a Parr bottle and shaken under hydrogen (55 PSI) for 4 days. The reaction mixture was filtered over CELITE® and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in MeOH and purified by reverse phase prep-HPLC (MeOH/water/TFA) to afford the TFA salt of Cap-169 as a viscous semi-solid (2.1 g). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ=7.26 ppm, 500 MHz): 7.58-7.52 (m, 2H), 7.39-7.33 (m, 3H), 2.86 (br s, 3H), 2.47 (br s, 3H), 1.93 (s, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₆NO₂: 194.12. found: 194.12.

Cap-170

(S)-2-(Methoxycarbonylamino)-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)acetic acid

To (S)-2-amino-2-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)acetic acid (505 mg; 3.18 mmol; obtained from Astatech) in water (15 ml) was added sodium carbonate (673 mg; 6.35 mmol), and the resultant mixture was cooled to 0° C. and then methyl chloroformate (0.26 ml; 3.33 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 minutes. The reaction was allowed to stir for 18 hours while allowing the bath to thaw to ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was then partitioned between 1N HCl and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was removed and the aqueous layer was further extracted with 2 additional portions of ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford Cap-170 a colorless residue. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.65 (1H, br s), 7.44 (1H, d, J=8.24 Hz), 3.77-3.95 (3H, m), 3.54 (3H, s), 3.11-3.26 (2 H, m), 1.82-1.95 (1H, m), 1.41-1.55 (2H, m), 1.21-1.39 (2H, m); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₉H₁₆NO₅: 218.1. found 218.1.

Cap-171

A solution of methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(oxetan-3-ylidene)acetate (200 mg, 0.721 mmol; Il Farmaco, 56:609-613 (2001)) in ethyl acetate (7 ml) and CH₂Cl₂ (4.00 ml) was degassed by bubbling nitrogen for 10 min. Dimethyl dicarbonate (0.116 ml, 1.082 mmol) and Pd/C (20 mg, 0.019 mmol) were then added, the reaction mixture was fitted with a hydrogen balloon and allowed to stir at ambient temperature overnight at which time TLC (95:5 CH₂Cl₂/MeOH: visualized with stain made from 1 g Ce(NH₄)₂SO₄, 6 g ammonium molybdate, 6 ml sulfuric acid, and 100 ml water) indicated complete conversion. The reaction was filtered through CELITE® and concentrated. The residue was purified via BIOTAGE® (load with dichloromethane on 25 samplet; elute on 25S column with dichloromethane for 3CV then 0 to 5% MeOH/dichloromethane over 250 ml then hold at 5% MeOH/dichloromethane for 250 ml; 9 ml fractions). Collected fractions containing desired material and concentrated to 120 mg (81%) of methyl 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-(oxetan-3-yl)acetate as a colorless oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, chloroform-d) δ ppm 3.29-3.40 (m, J=6.71 Hz, 1H) 3.70 (s, 3H) 3.74 (s, 3H) 4.55 (t, J=6.41 Hz, 1H) 4.58-4.68 (m, 2H) 4.67-4.78 (m, 2H) 5.31 (br s, 1H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₈H₁₄NO₅: 204.2. found 204.0.

To methyl 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-(oxetan-3-yl)acetate (50 mg, 0.246 mmol) in THF (2 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (10.33 mg, 0.246 mmol). The resultant solution was allowed to stir overnight at ambient temperature. TLC (1:1 EA/Hex; Hanessian stain [1 g Ce(NH₄)₂SO₄, 6 g ammonium molybdate, 6 ml sulfuric acid, and 100 ml water]) indicated ˜10% starting material remaining. Added an additional 3 mg LiOH and allowed to stir overnight at which time TLC showed no starting material remaining. Concentrated in vacuo and placed on high vac overnight providing 55 mg lithium 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-(oxetan-3-yl)acetate as a colorless solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, MeOD) δ ppm 3.39-3.47 (m, 1H) 3.67 (s, 3H) 4.28 (d, J=7.93 Hz, 1H) 4.64 (t, J=6.26 Hz, 1H) 4.68 (t, J=7.02 Hz, 1H) 4.73 (d, J=7.63 Hz, 2H).

Cap-172

Cap-172 Step a

The following diazotization step was adapted from Barton, A. et al., J.C.S. Perkin Trans I, 159-164 (1982): A solution of NaNO₂ (166 mg, 2.4 mmol) in water (0.6 mL) was added slowly to a stirred, cold (0° C.) solution of methyl 2-amino-5-ethyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate (186 mg, 1.0 mmol), CuSO₄.5H₂O (330 mg, 1.32 mmol), NaCl (260 mg, 4.45 mmol) and H₂SO₄ (5.5 mL) in water (7.5 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 45 min and allowed to warm up to room temperature where it stirred further for 1 h before CuCl (118 mg) was added. This mixture was stirred further at room temperature for 16 h before it was diluted with brine and extracted with ether twice. The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give methyl 2-chloro-5-ethylthiazole-4-carboxylate (i.e., Cap-172, Step a) (175 mg, 85%) as an orange oil (80% pure) which was used directly in the next reaction. R_(t)=1.99 min (Cond.-MD1); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₇H₉ClNO₂S: 206.01. found: 206.05.

Cap-172

To a solution of methyl 2-chloro-5-ethylthiazole-4-carboxylate (175 mg) in THF/H₂O/MeOH (20 mL/3 mL/12 mL) was added LiOH (305 mg, 12.76 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight before it was concentrated down and neutralized with 1N HCl in ether (25 mL). The residue was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to yield Cap-172 (60 mg, 74%) as a red solid which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.03-13.42 (1H, m), 3.16 (2H, q, J=7.4 Hz), 1.23 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz). R_(t)=1.78 min (Cond.-MD1); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₆H₇ClNO₂S: 191.99. found: 191.99.

Cap-173

Cap-173 Step a

The following diazotization step was adapted from Barton, A. et al., J.C.S. Perkin Trans 1, 159-164 (1982): A solution of NaNO₂ (150 mg, 2.17 mmol) in water (1.0 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred, cold (0° C.) solution of methyl 2-amino-5-ethyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate (186 mg, 1.0 mmol) in 50% H₃PO₂ (3.2 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and allowed to warm up to room temperature where it stirred further for 2 h. After recooling to 0° C., the mixture was treated slowly with a solution of NaOH (85 mg) in water (10 mL). The mixture was then diluted with saturated NaHCO₃ solution and extracted twice with ether. The organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give methyl 5-ethylthiazole-4-carboxylate (i.e., Cap-173, Step a) (134 mg, 78%) as an orange oil (85% pure) which was used directly in the next reaction. R_(t)=1.58 min (Cond.-MD1); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₇H₁₀NO₂S: 172.05. found: 172.05.

Cap-173

To a solution of methyl 5-ethylthiazole-4-carboxylate (134 mg) in THF/H₂O/MeOH (18 mL/2.7 mL/11 mL) was added LiOH (281 mg, 11.74 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight before it was concentrated down and neutralized with 1N HCl in ether (25 mL). The residue was extracted twice with ethyl acetate and the organic layers were combined, dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to yield Cap-173 (90 mg, 73%) as an orange solid which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.74-13.04 (1H, m), 3.20 (2H, q, J=7.3 Hz), 1.25 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz). R_(t)=1.27 min (Cond.-MD1); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₆H₈NO₂S: 158.03. found: 158.04.

Cap-174

Cap-174 Step a

Triflic anhydride (5.0 g, 18.0 mmol) was added dropwise to a cold (0° C.) solution of methyl 3-hydroxypicolinate (2.5 g, 16.3 mmol) and TEA (2.5 mL, 18.0 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (80 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h before it was allowed to warm up to room temperature where it stirred for an additional 1 h. The mixture was then quenched with saturated NaHCO₃ solution (40 mL) and the organic layer was separated, washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄ and concentrated to give methyl 3-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)picolinate (i.e., Cap-174, Step a) (3.38 g, 73%) as a dark brown oil (>95% pure) which was used directly without further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.72-8.79 (1H, m), 7.71 (1H, d, J=1.5 Hz), 7.58-7.65 (1H, m), 4.04 (3H, s). R_(t)=1.93 min (Cond.-MD1); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₈H₇F₃NO₅S: 286.00. found: 286.08.

Cap-174

To a solution of methyl 3-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)picolinate (570 mg, 2.0 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added LiCl (254 mg, 6.0 mmol), tributyl(vinyl)stannane (761 mg, 2.4 mmol) and bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride (42 mg, 0.06 mmol). The mixture was heated at 100° C. overnight before a saturated solution of KF (20 mL) was added to the reaction mixture at room temperature. This mixture was stirred for 4 h before it was filtered through CELITE® and the pad of CELITE® was washed with ethyl acetate. The aqueous phase of the filtrate was then separated and concentrated down in vacuo. The residue was treated with 4N HCl in dioxanes (5 mL) and the resulting mixture was extracted with methanol, filtered and evaporated to afford Cap-174 (260 mg) as a green solid which was slightly contaminated with inorganic salts but was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.21 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 7.81-7.90 (1H, m), 7.09 (1H, dd, J=7.7, 4.8 Hz), 6.98 (1H, dd, J=17.9, 11.3 Hz), 5.74 (1H, dd, J=17.9, 1.5 Hz), 5.20 (1H, d, J=11.0 Hz). R_(t)=0.39 min (Cond.-MD1); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₈H₈NO₂: 150.06. found: 150.07.

Cap-175

Cap-175 Step a

To a solution of methyl 3-(trifluoromethylsulfonyloxy)picolinate (i.e., Cap-174, Step a) (570 mg, 2.0 mmol), an intermediate in the preparation of Cap-174, in DMF (20 mL) was added LiCl (254 mg, 6.0 mmol), tributyl(vinyl)stannane (761 mg, 2.4 mmol) and bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium dichloride (42 mg, 0.06 mmol). The mixture was heated at 100° C. for 4 h before the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was taken up in acetonitrile (50 mL) and hexanes (50 mL) and the resulting mixture was washed twice with hexanes. The acetonitrile layer was then separated, filtered through CELITE®, and evaporated. Purification of the residue by flash chromatography on a Horizon instrument (gradient elution with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes to 65% ethyl acetate in hexanes) afforded methyl 3-vinylpicolinate (i.e., Cap-175, Step a) (130 mg, 40%) as a yellow oil. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.60 (1H, dd, J=4.6, 1.7 Hz), 7.94 (1H, d, J=7.7 Hz), 7.33-7.51 (2H, m), 5.72 (1H, d, J=17.2 Hz), 5.47 (1H, d, J=11.0 Hz), 3.99 (3H, s). R_(t)=1.29 min (Cond.-MD1); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₉H₁₀NO₂: 164.07. found: 164.06.

Cap-175 Step b

Palladium on carbon (10%, 25 mg) was added to a solution of methyl 3-vinylpicolinate (120 mg, 0.74 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL). The suspension was stirred at room temperature under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 1 h before it was filtered through CELITE® and the pad of CELITE® was washed with methanol. The filtrate was concentrated down to dryness to yield methyl 3-ethylpicolinate (i.e., Cap-175, Step b) which was taken directly into the next reaction. R_(t)=1.15 min (Cond.-MD1); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₉H₁₂NO₂: 166.09. found: 166.09.

Cap-175

To a solution of methyl 3-ethylpicolinate in THF/H₂O/MeOH (5 mL/0.75 mL/3 mL) was added LiOH (35 mg, 1.47 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 d before additional LiOH (80 mg) was added. After an additional 24 h at room temperature, the mixture was filtered and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was then treated with 4N HCl in dioxanes (5 mL) and the resulting suspension was concentrated down to dryness to yield Cap-175 as a yellow solid which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.47 (1H, dd, J=4.8, 1.5 Hz), 7.82-7.89 (1H, m), 7.53 (1H, dd, J=7.7, 4.8 Hz), 2.82 (2H, q, J=7.3 Hz), 1.17 (3H, t, J=7.5 Hz). R_(t)=0.36 min (Cond.-MD1); LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₈H₁₀NO₂: 152.07. found: 152.10.

Cap-176

(S)-2-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)acetic acid Cap-176 Step a

A solution of 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-one (15 g, 96 mmol) in EtOAc (150 mL) was added to a solution of methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (21.21 g, 64.0 mmol) in 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (10.45 mL, 83 mmol) and EtOAc (150 mL). The resulting solution was the stirred at ambient temperature for 72 h and then it was diluted with EtOAc (25 mL). The organic layer was washed with 1N HCl (75 mL), H₂O (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified via BIOTAGE® (5% to 25% EtOAc/Hexanes; 300 g column). The combined fractions containing the product were then concentrated under vacuum and the residue was re-crystallized from hexanes/EtOAc to give white crystals that corresponded to methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-ylidene)acetate (6.2 g) ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃-d) δ ppm 7.30-7.44 (5H, m), 6.02 (1H, br. s.), 5.15 (2H, s), 3.97 (4H, s), 3.76 (3H, br. s.), 2.84-2.92 (2H, m), 2.47 (2H, t, J=6.40 Hz), 1.74-1.83 (4H, m). LC (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=2.89 min. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₉H₂₃NNaO₆: 745.21. found: 745.47.

Cap-176 Step b

Ester Cap-176, Step b was prepared from alkene Cap-176, Step a according to the method of Burk, M. J. et al. (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117:9375-9376 (1995)) and references therein): A 500 mL high-pressure bottle was charged with alkene Cap-176, Step a (3.5 g, 9.68 mmol) in degassed MeOH (200 mL) under a blanket of N₂. The solution was then charged with (−)-1,2-Bis((2S,5S)-2,5-dimethylphospholano)ethane(cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I)tetrafluoroborate (0.108 g, 0.194 mmol) and the resulting mixture was flushed with N₂ (3×) and charged with H₂ (3×). The solution was shaken vigorously under 70 psi of H₂ at ambient temperature for 72 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the remaining residue was taken up in EtOAc. The brownish solution was then filtered through a plug of Silica Gel and eluted with EtOAc. The solvent was concentrated under vacuum to afford a clear oil corresponding to ester Cap-176, Step b (3.4 g). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃-d) δ ppm 7.28-7.43 (5H, m), 5.32 (1H, d, J=9.16 Hz), 5.06-5.16 (2H, m), 4.37 (1H, dd, J=9.00, 5.04 Hz), 3.92 (4H, t, J=3.05 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 1.64-1.92 (4H, m), 1.37-1.60 (5H, m). LC (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.95 min. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₉H₂₆NO₆: 364.18. found: 364.27.

Cap-176 Step c

Ester Cap-176, Step b (4.78 g, 13.15 mmol) was dissolved in THF (15 mL) followed by sequential addition of water (10 mL), glacial acetic acid (26.4 mL, 460 mmol) and dichloroacetic acid (5.44 mL, 65.8 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred for 72 h at ambient temperature, and the reaction was quenched by slow addition of solid Na₂CO₃ with vigorous stirring until the release of gas was no longer visible. Crude product was extracted into 10% ethyl acetate-dichloromethane and the organic layers were combined, dried (MgSO₄) filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified via BIOTAGE® (0 to 30% EtOAc/Hex; 25 g column) to afford ketone Cap-176, Step c (3.86 g) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃-d) δ ppm 7.28-7.41 (5H, m), 5.55 (1H, d, J=8.28 Hz), 5.09 (2H, s), 4.46 (1H, dd, J=8.16, 5.14 Hz), 3.74 (3H, s), 2.18-2.46 (5H, m), 1.96-2.06 (1H, m), 1.90 (1H, ddd, J=12.99, 5.96, 2.89 Hz), 1.44-1.68 (2H, m, J=12.36, 12.36, 12.36, 12.36, 4.77 Hz). LC (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.66 min. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₂H₂₁NNaO₅: 342.13. found: 342.10.

Cap-176 Step d

DEOXO-FLUOR® (3.13 mL, 16.97 mmol) was added to a solution of ketone Cap-176, Step c (2.71 g, 8.49 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) followed by addition of a catalytic amount of EtOH (0.149 mL, 2.55 mmol). The resulting yellowish solution was stirred at rt overnight. The reaction was quenched by addition of sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (25 mL) and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×75 mL)). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and dried to give a yellowish oil. The residue was purified via BIOTAGE® chromatography (2% to 15% EtOAc/Hex; 90 g column) and a white solid corresponding to the difluoro amino acid difluoride Cap-176, Step d (1.5 g) was recovered. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃-d) δ ppm 7.29-7.46 (5H, m), 5.34 (1H, d, J=8.28 Hz), 5.12 (2H, s), 4.41 (1H, dd, J=8.66, 4.89 Hz), 3.77 (3H, s), 2.06-2.20 (2H, m), 1.83-1.98 (1H, m), 1.60-1.81 (4H, m), 1.38-1.55 (2H, m). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, CDCl₃-d) δ ppm −92.15 (1F, d, J=237.55 Hz), −102.44 (1F, d, J=235.82 Hz). LC (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.66 min. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [2M+Na]⁺ C₃₄H₄₂F₄N₂NaO₈: 705.28. found: 705.18.

Cap-176 Step e

Difluoride Cap-176, Step d (4 g, 11.72 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (120 mL) and charged with Pd/C (1.247 g, 1.172 mmol). The suspension was flushed with N₂ (3×) and the reaction mixture was placed under 1 atm of H₂ (balloon). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 48 h. The suspension was then filtered though a plug of CELITE® and concentrated under vacuum to give an oil that corresponded to amino acid Cap-176, Step e (2.04 g) and that was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.62 (3H, s), 3.20 (1H, d, J=5.77 Hz), 1.91-2.09 (2H, m), 1.50-1.88 (7H, m), 1.20-1.45 (2H, m). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm −89.39 (1F, d, J=232.35 Hz), −100.07 (1F, d, J=232.35 Hz). ¹³C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 175.51 (1C, s), 124.10 (1C, t, J=241.21, 238.90 Hz), 57.74 (1C, s), 51.39 (1C, s), 39.23 (1C, br. s.), 32.02-33.83 (2C, m), 25.36 (1C, d, J=10.02 Hz), 23.74 (1C, d, J=9.25 Hz). LC (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=0.95 min. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [2M+H]⁺ C₁₈H₃₁F₄N₂O₂: 415.22. found: 415.40.

Cap-176 Step f

Methyl chloroformate (1.495 mL, 19.30 mmol) was added to a solution of amino acid Cap-176, Step e (2 g, 9.65 mmol) and DIEA (6.74 mL, 38.6 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL). The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 3 h and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via BIOTAGE® (0% to 20% EtOAc/Hex; 90 g column). A clear oil that solidified upon standing under vacuum and corresponding to carbamate Cap-176, Step f (2.22 g) was recovered. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃-d) δ ppm 5.27 (1H, d, J=8.55 Hz), 4.39 (1H, dd, J=8.85, 4.88 Hz), 3.77 (3H, s), 3.70 (3H, s), 2.07-2.20 (2H, m), 1.84-1.96 (1H, m), 1.64-1.82 (4H, m), 1.39-1.51 (2H, m). ¹⁹F NMR (471 MHz, CDCl₃-d) δ ppm −92.55 (1F, d, J=237.13 Hz), −102.93 (1F, d, J=237.12 Hz). ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃-d) δ ppm 171.97 (1C, s), 156.69 (1C, s), 119.77-125.59 (1C, m), 57.24 (1C, br. s.), 52.48 (1C, br. s.), 52.43 (1C, s), 39.15 (1C, s), 32.50-33.48 (2C, m), 25.30 (1C, d, J=9.60 Hz), 24.03 (1C, d, J=9.60 Hz). LC (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.49 min. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₁H₁₂F₂NNaO₄: 288.10. found: 288.03.

Cap-176

(S)-2-(4,4-Difluorocyclohexyl)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)acetic acid

A solution of LiOH (0.379 g, 15.83 mmol) in water (25 mL) was added to a solution of carbamate Cap-176, Step f (2.1 g, 7.92 mmol) in THF (75 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 h. THF was removed under vacuum and the remaining aqueous phase was acidified with 1N HCl solution (2 mL) and then extracted with EtOAc (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give a white foam corresponding to Cap-176 (1.92 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.73 (1H, s), 7.50 (1H, d, J=8.78 Hz), 3.97 (1H, dd, J=8.53, 6.02 Hz), 3.54 (3H, s), 1.92-2.08 (2H, m), 1.57-1.90 (5H, m), 1.34-1.48 (1H, m), 1.27 (1H, qd, J=12.72, 3.26 Hz). ¹⁹F NMR (376 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm −89.62 (1F, d, J=232.35 Hz), −99.93 (1F, d, J=232.35 Hz). LC (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=0.76 min. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M−H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₄F₂NO₄: 250.09. found: 250.10.

Cap-177a-d

Cap-177a-d Step a

1,1,3,3-Tetramethylguanidine (0.985 mL, 7.85 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (2.0 g, 6.0 mmol) in EtOAc (40 mL) and the mixture was stirred at rt under N₂ for 10 min. Then dihydro-2H-pyran-3(4H)-one [23462-75-1] (0.604 g, 6.04 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled in freezer for 10 min and neutralized with aq. citric acid (1.5 g in 20 mL water). The two phases were partitioned and the organic layer was washed with 0.25; N aq.HCl and brine, and then dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to a colorless oil. The crude material was purified by flash silica chromatography (loading solvent: DCM, eluted with EtOAc/Hexanes, gradient from 20% to 30% EtOAc) to yield two isomeric products: The first eluted product was (Z)-methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(2H-pyran-3(4H,5H,6H)-ylidene)acetate (490 mg) (white solid), and the second was (E)-methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(2H-pyran-3(4H,5H,6H)-ylidene)acetate (433 mg) (white solid). LC-MS retention time 1.398 min (for Z-isomer) and 1.378 min (for E-isomer); m/z 304.08 (for Z-isomer) and 304.16 (for E-isomer) (MH—). LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna 10u C18 3.0×50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM. The elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% MeOH/95% H₂O/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 5% H₂O/95% MeOH/10 mM ammonium acetate. MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) (for Z-isomer) δ ppm 7.30-7.44 (m, 5H), 6.18 (br. s., 1H), 5.10-5.17 (m, 2H), 4.22 (s, 2H), 3.78 (br. s., 3H), 2.93-3.02 (m, 2H), 1.80 (dt, J=11.7, 5.8 Hz, 2H), 1.62 (s, 2H). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) (for E-isomer) δ ppm 7.31-7.44 (m, 5H), 6.12 (br. s., 1H), 5.13-5.17 (m, 2H), 4.64 (br. s., 2H), 3.70-3.82 (m, 5H), 2.49 (t, J=6.5 Hz, 2H), 1.80 (br. s., 2H). (Note: the absolute regiochemistry was determined by ¹H NMR shifts and coupling constants).

Cap-177a-d Step b

(−)-1,2-Bis((2S,5S)-2,5-dimethylphospholano)ethane(cyclooctadiene)-rhodium(I)tetrafluoroborate (28.2 mg, 0.051 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of (Z)-methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(2H-pyran-3 (4H,5H,6H)-ylidene)acetate (310 mg, 1.015 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) and the mixture was vacuum flushed with N₂, followed by H_(z), and then the reaction was stirred under H₂ (60 psi) at rt for 2d. The reaction mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash silica chromatography (loading solvent: DCM, eluted with 20% EtOAc in hexanes) to yield (S)-methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-((S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)acetate (204 mg) as clear colorless oil. LC-MS retention time 1.437 min; m/z 307.89 (MH+). LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna 10u C18 3.0×50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM. The elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% MeOH/95% H₂O/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 5% H₂O/95% MeOH/10 mM ammonium acetate. MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ ppm 7.30-7.46 (m, 5H), 5.32 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.36 (dd, J=8.9, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.28-3.37 (m, 1H), 3.23 (dd, J=11.3, 10.5 Hz, 1H), 2.04-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.61-1.75 (m, 3H), 1.31-1.43 (m, 1H).

The other stereoisomer ((E)-methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(2H-pyran-3(4H,5H,6H)-ylidene)acetate) (360 mg, 1.18 mmol) was reduced in a similar manner to yield (S)-methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-((R)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)acetate (214 mg) as clear colorless oil. LC-MS retention time 1.437 min; m/z 308.03 (MH+). LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna 10u C18 3.0×50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM. The elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% MeOH/95% H₂O/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 5% H₂O/95% MeOH/10 mM ammonium acetate. MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ ppm 7.30-7.44 (m, 5H), 5.31 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.12 (s, 2H), 4.31 (dd, J=8.7, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.37 (td, J=10.8, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (dd, J=11.3, 9.8 Hz, 1H), 1.97-2.10 (m, 1H), 1.81 (d, J=11.5 Hz, 1H), 1.61-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.33-1.46 (m, 1H).

The individual enantiomers of Cap-177a, Step b (Cap-177c, Step b) and Cap-177b, Step b (Cap-177d, Step b) were prepared in the same manner and in similar yields utilizing (−)-1,2-Bis((2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylphospholano)ethane (cyclooctadiene)-rhodium(I)tetrafluoroborate as the hydrogenation catalyst for the olefin reductions of the individual stereoisomer starting materials.

Cap-177a and Cap-177b Step c

10% Pd/C (69.3 mg, 0.065 mmol) was added to a solution of (S)-methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-((S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)acetate (200 mg, 0.651 mmol) and dimethyl dicarbonate [4525-33-1] (0.104 mL, 0.976 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL). The reaction mixture was vacuum flushed with N₂, followed by H_(z), and then the reaction was stirred under H₂ (55 psi) at rt for 5 h. The reaction mixture was filtered through CELITE®/silica pad and the filtrate was concentrated to a colorless oil. The crude oil was purified by flash silica chromatography (loading solvent: DCM, eluted with 30% EtOAc in hexanes) to yield product (S)-methyl 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-((S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)acetate (132 mg) as colorless oil. LC-MS retention time 0.92 min; m/z 231.97 (MH+). LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna 10u C18 3.0×50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM. The elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% MeOH/95% H₂O/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 5% H₂O/95% MeOH/10 mM ammonium acetate. MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ ppm 5.24 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (dd, J=8.9, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.29-3.38 (m, 1H), 3.23 (dd, J=11.2, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.03-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.56-1.75 (m, 3H), 1.32-1.43 (m, 1H).

Another diastereomer ((S)-methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-((R)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)acetate) was transformed in a similar manner to yield (S)-methyl 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-((R)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)acetate as clear colorless oil. LC-MS retention time 0.99 min; m/z 231.90 (MH+). LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna 10u C18 3.0×50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM. The elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% MeOH/95% H₂O/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 5% H₂O/95% MeOH/10 mM ammonium acetate. MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ ppm 5.25 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (dd, J=8.4, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 3.82-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.37 (td, J=10.8, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.28 (t, J=10.5 Hz, 1H), 1.96-2.08 (m, 1H), 1.81 (dd, J=12.9, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 1.56-1.72 (m, 2H), 1.33-1.46 (m, 1H).

The individual enantiomers of Cap-177a, Step c (Cap-177c, Step c) and Cap-177b, Step c (Cap-177d, Step c) were prepared in a similar manner and is similar yields using the appropriate starting materials from Cap-177a-d, Step b.

Cap-177a and Cap-177b Step d

To a solution of (S)-methyl 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-((S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)acetate (126 mg, 0.545 mmol) in THF (4 mL) stirring at rt was added a solution of 1M LiOH (1.090 mL, 1.090 mmol) in water. The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h, neutralized with 1M HCl (1.1 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The organics were dried, filtered and concentrated to yield (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-((S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)acetic acid (Cap-177a) (125 mg) as a clear colorless oil. LC-MS retention time 0.44 min; m/z 218.00 (MH+). LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna 10u C18 3.0×50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM. The elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% MeOH/95% H₂O/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 5% H₂O/95% MeOH/10 mM ammonium acetate. MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ ppm 5.28 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (dd, J=8.7, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.96-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.91 (d, J=11.0 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (s, 3H), 3.33-3.41 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.32 (m, 1H), 2.10-2.24 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.63-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.49 (m, 1H).

Another diastereomer ((S)-methyl 2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-((R)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)acetate) was transformed in a similar manner to yield (S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-((R)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)acetic acid (Cap-177b) as clear colorless oil. LC-MS retention time 0.41 min; m/z 217.93 (MH+). LC data was recorded on a Shimadzu LC-10AS liquid chromatograph equipped with a PHENOMENEX® Luna 10u C18 3.0×50 mm column using a SPD-10AV UV-Vis detector at a detector wave length of 220 nM. The elution conditions employed a flow rate of 4 mL/min, a gradient of 100% Solvent A/0% Solvent B to 0% Solvent A/100% Solvent B, a gradient time of 3 min, a hold time of 1 min, and an analysis time of 4 min where Solvent A was 5% MeOH/95% H₂O/10 mM ammonium acetate and Solvent B was 5% H₂O/95% MeOH/10 mM ammonium acetate. MS data was determined using a MICROMASS® Platform for LC in electrospray mode. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ ppm 6.18 (br. s., 1H), 5.39 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 4.27-4.37 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.96 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.42 (td, J=10.8, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (t, J=10.4 Hz, 1H), 2.01-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.90 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 1.59-1.76 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.54 (m, 1H).

The individual enantiomers of Cap-177a (Cap-177c) and Cap-177b (Cap-177d) were prepared in a similar manner and is similar yields using the appropriate starting materials from Cap-177a-d, Step c.

Cap-178

Cap-178 Step a

To a solution of (2S,3S,4S)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-3,4-diyl diacetate (5 g, 23.34 mmol) in 20 mL of MeOH in a hydrogenation tank was added Pd/C (150 mg, 0.141 mmol). The resulting mixture was hydrogenated at 40 psi on Parr Shaker for 1 hour. The mixture was then filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to afford Cap-178, Step a (5.0 g) as a clear oil, which solidified while standing. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 4.85-4.94 (1H, m), 4.69 (1H, t, J=9.46 Hz), 3.88-3.94 (1H, m), 3.44 (1H, td, J=12.21, 1.83 Hz), 3.36 (1H, dq, J=9.42, 6.12 Hz), 2.03-2.08 (1H, m), 2.02 (3H, s), 2.00 (3H, s), 1.70-1.80 (1H, m), 1.16 (3H, d, J=6.10 Hz).

Cap-178 Step b

To a solution of Cap-178, Step a (5.0 g, 23 mmol) in 50 mL of MeOH was added several drops of sodium methoxide. After stirring at room temperature for 30 min, sodium methoxide (0.1 mL, 23.12 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was then removed under vacuum. The residue was diluted with benzene and concentrated to afford the corresponding diol as a yellow solid. The solid was dissolved in 50 mL of pyridine and to this solution at −35° C. was added benzoyl chloride (2.95 mL, 25.4 mmol) dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred at −35° C. for 1 hour then at room temperature overnight. The mixture was diluted with Et₂O and washed with water. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 5%-15% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-178, Step b (4.5 g) as clear oil which slowly crystallized upon prolonged standing. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₃H₁₆NaO₄ 259.09. found 259.0; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.02-8.07 (2H, m), 7.55-7.61 (1H, m), 7.45 (2H, t, J=7.78 Hz), 5.01 (1H, ddd, J=11.44, 8.70, 5.49 Hz), 3.98 (1H, ddd, J=11.90, 4.88, 1.53 Hz), 3.54 (1H, td, J=12.36, 2.14 Hz), 3.41 (1H, t, J=9.00 Hz), 3.31-3.38 (1H, m), 2.13-2.19 (1H, m), 1.83-1.94 (1H, m), 1.36 (3H, d, J=5.80 Hz).

Cap-178 Step c

To a mixture of NaH (1.143 g, 28.6 mmol) (60% in mineral oil) in 6 mL of CS₂ was added Cap-178, Step b (4.5 g, 19 mmol) in 40 mL of CS₂ dropwise over 15 min. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture turned light orange with some solid. MeI (14.29 mL, 229 mmol) was then added dropwise over 20 min. The mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was carefully quenched with saturated NH₄Cl solution. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 6% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-178, Step c (3.13 g) as clear oil. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₅H₁₈NaO₄S₂ 349.05. found 349.11; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.94-8.00 (2H, m), 7.50-7.58 (1H, m), 7.41 (2H, t, J=7.78 Hz), 5.96 (1H, t, J=9.46 Hz), 5.28 (1H, ddd, J=11.37, 9.38, 5.49 Hz), 4.02 (1H, ddd, J=11.98, 4.96, 1.68 Hz), 3.54-3.68 (2H, m), 2.48 (3H, s), 2.31 (1H, dd), 1.88-1.99 (1H, m), 1.28 (3H, d).

Cap-178 Step d

To a mixture of Cap-178, Step c (3.13 g, 9.59 mmol) and AIBN (120 mg, 0.731 mmol) in 40 mL of benzene at 80° C. was added tri-n-butyltin hydride (10.24 mL, 38.4 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at reflux temperature for 20 min then cooled to room temperature. The mixture was diluted with diethyl ether and 100 mL of KF (10 g) aqueous solution was added and the mixture was stirred vigorously for 30 min. The two layers were then separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The organic layer was dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, deactivated with 3% Et₃N in Hexanes and flushed with 3% Et₃N in Hexanes to remove tributyltin derivative and then eluted with 15% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-178, Step d (1.9 g) as clear oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.98-8.07 (2H, m), 7.52-7.58 (1H, m), 7.43 (2H, t, J=7.63 Hz), 5.08-5.17 (1H, m), 4.06 (1H, ddd, J=11.90, 4.88, 1.53 Hz), 3.50-3.59 (2H, m), 2.08-2.14 (1H, m), 1.99-2.06 (1H, m), 1.69-1.80 (1H, m), 1.41-1.49 (1H, m), 1.24 (3H, d, J=6.10 Hz).

Cap-178 Step e

To a mixture of Cap-178, Step d (1.9 g, 8.63 mmol) in 10 mL of MeOH was added sodium methoxide (2 mL, 4.00 mmol) (2 M in methanol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 hours. The solvent was removed under vacuum. The mixture was neutralized with saturated NH₄Cl solution and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford Cap-178, Step e (0.8 g) as clear oil. The product was used in the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 4.01 (1H, ddd, J=11.80, 5.02, 1.76 Hz), 3.73-3.83 (1H, m), 3.36-3.46 (2H, m), 1.92-2.00 (1H, m), 1.88 (1H, m), 1.43-1.56 (1H, m), 1.23 (3H, d), 1.15-1.29 (1H, m).

Cap-178 Step f

Tosyl-Cl (2.63 g, 13.77 mmol) was added to a solution of Cap-178, Step e (0.8 g, 6.89 mmol) and pyridine (2.23 mL, 27.5 mmol) in 100 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. 10 mL of water was then added into the reaction mixture and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an hour. The two layers were separated and the organic phase was washed with water and 1 N HCl aq. solution. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford Cap-178, Step f (1.75 g) as a light yellow solid. The product was used in the next step without further purification. Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₁₉O₄S 271.10. found 270.90; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.79 (2H, d, J=8.24 Hz), 7.34 (2H, d, J=7.93 Hz), 4.53-4.62 (1H, m), 3.94 (1H, ddd, J=12.13, 4.96, 1.83 Hz), 3.29-3.41 (2H, m), 2.45 (3H, s), 1.90-1.97 (1H, m), 1.79-1.85 (1H, m), 1.64-1.75 (1H, m), 1.38-1.48 (1H, m), 1.17 (3H, d, J=6.10 Hz).

Cap-178 Step g

To a microwave tube was placed ethyl 2-(diphenylmethyleneamino)acetate (1.6 g, 5.92 mmol) and Cap-178, Step f (1.6 g, 5.92 mmol). 10 mL of toluene was added. The tube was sealed and LiHMDS (7.1 mL, 7.10 mmol) (1 N in toluene) was added dropwise under N₂. The resulting dark brown solution was heated at 100° C. under microwave radiation for 6 hours. To the mixture was then added water and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford a diastereomeric mixture of Cap-3, Step g (3.1 g) as an orange oil. The crude mixture was submitted to the next step without separation. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₃H₂₈NO₃ 366.21. found 366.3.

Cap-178 Step h

To a solution of the diastereomeric mixture of ethyl Cap-178, Step g in 20 mL of THF was added HCl (30 ml, 60.0 mmol) (2 N aqueous). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc and the aqueous layer was concentrated to afford an HCl salt of Cap-178, Step h (1.9 g) as an orange oil. The salt was used in the next step without further purification. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₂₀NO₃ 202.14. found 202.1.

Cap-178 Step i

A solution of 1.9 g Cap-178, Step h (HCl salt), DiPEA (4.19 mL, 24.0 mmol) and methyl chloroformate (1.24 mL, 16.0 mmol) in 20 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and washed with water. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-20% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-178, Step i (1.1 g) as a yellow oil. Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₂H₂₁NNaO₅ 282.13. found 282.14; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.16 (1H, br. s.), 4.43-4.58 (1H, m), 4.17-4.28 (2H, m), 3.89-4.03 (1H, m), 3.72-3.78 (2H, m), 3.67-3.72 (3H, m), 2.07-2.19 (1H, m), 1.35-1.77 (4H, m), 1.30 (3H, td, J=7.09, 2.89 Hz), 1.19 (3H, d, J=6.53 Hz).

Cap-178, Step 1

To a mixture of Cap-178, Step i (1.1 g, 4.2 mmol) in 5 mL of THF and 2 mL of water was added LiOH (6.36 mL, 12.7 mmol) (2 N aq.). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was then neutralized with 1 N HCl aq. and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford Cap-178, Step j (0.8 g) as a clear oil. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₈NO₅ 232.12. found 232.1; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.20 (1H, d, J=8.28 Hz), 4.54 (1H, t, J=8.16 Hz), 3.95-4.10 (1H, m), 3.66-3.85 (5H, m), 2.15-2.29 (1H, m), 1.41-1.85 (4H, m), 1.23 (3H, dd, J=6.53, 1.76 Hz).

Cap-178 Step k

To a solution of Cap-178, Step j (240 mg, 1.04 mmol), (S)-1-phenylethanol (0.141 mL, 1.142 mmol) and EDC (219 mg, 1.14 mmol) in 10 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added DMAP (13.95 mg, 0.114 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature overnight and the solvent was removed under vacuum. The residue was taken up into EtOAc, washed with water, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by chromatography (silica gel, 0-15% EtOAc/Hexanes) to afford Cap-178, Step k as a mixture of two diastereomers. The mixture was separated by chiral HPLC (CHIRALPAK® AS column, 21×250 mm, 10 um) eluting with 90% 0.1% diethylamine/Heptane-10% EtOH at 15 mL/min to afford Cap-178, Step k stereoisomer 1 (eluted first) and Cap-178, Step k stereoisomer 2 (eluted second) as white solids. The stereochemistry of the isomers was not assigned.

Cap-178, Step k stereoisomer 1 (130 mg): LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₈H₂₅NNaO₅ 358.16. found 358.16; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.28-7.38 (5H, m), 5.94 (1H, q, J=6.71 Hz), 5.12 (1H, d, J=9.16 Hz), 4.55 (1H, t, J=9.00 Hz), 3.72-3.81 (1H, m), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.60-3.70 (2H, m), 1.98-2.08 (1H, m), 1.59 (3H, d, J=6.71 Hz), 1.38-1.47 (2H, m), 1.30 (2H, t, J=5.34 Hz), 0.93 (3H, d, J=6.41 Hz).

Cap-178 Stereoisomer 1

To a solution of Cap-178, Step k stereoisomer 1 ((S)-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)-2-((2S,4R)-2-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)acetic acid) (150 mg, 0.447 mmol) in 10 mL of EtOH was added Pd/C (20 mg, 0.188 mmol) and the mixture was hydrogenated on Parr shaker at 40 psi overnight. The mixture was then filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to afford Cap-178, stereoisomer 1 (100 mg) as a sticky white solid. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₈NO₅ 232.12. found 232.1; ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.14-5.27 (1H, m), 4.51 (1H, t, J=8.39 Hz), 3.90-4.07 (1H, m), 3.60-3.83 (5H, m), 2.06-2.27 (1H, m), 1.45-1.77 (4H, m), 1.21 (3H, d, J=6.41 Hz).

Cap-179 Enantiomer-1 and Enantiomer-2

Cap-179 Step a

2,6-Dimethyl-4H-pyran-4-one (10 g, 81 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (125 mL) and Pd/C (1 g, 0.94 mmol) was added. The mixture was hydrogenated in a Parr shaker under H₂ (0.325 g, 161 mmol) (70 psi) at room temperature for 12 hrs. The catalyst was filtered through a pad of CELITE® and washed with ethanol. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum and he residue was purified via BIOTAGE® (2% to 25% EtOAc/Hex; 160 g column). Two fractions of clear oils were isolated. The first eluting one corresponded to (2R,6S)-2,6-dimethyldihydro-2H-pyran-4(3H)-one (1.8 g) while the second one corresponded to Cap-179, Step a (1.8 g). (2R,6S)-2,6-Dimethyldihydro-2H-pyran-4(3H)-one data: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 3.69 (2H, ddd, J=11.29, 5.95, 2.29 Hz), 2.24-2.36 (2H, m), 2.08-2.23 (2H, m), 1.18-1.34 (6H, m); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 206.96 (1C, br. s.), 72.69 (2C, s), 48.70 (2C, s), 21.72 (2C, s).

Cap-179, Step a data: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 3.69-3.78 (1H, m), 3.36-3.47 (2H, m), 2.10 (1H, br. s.), 1.88 (2H, dd, J=12.05, 4.73 Hz), 1.19 (6H, d, J=6.10 Hz), 1.10 (2H, q, J=10.70 Hz); ¹³C NMR (126 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 71.44 (2C, s), 67.92 (1C, s), 42.59 (2C, s), 21.71 (2C, s).

Cap-179 Step b

DEAD (2.311 mL, 14.59 mmol) was added drop wise to a solution of Cap-179, Step a (0.38 g, 2.92 mmol), 4-nitrobenzoic acid (2.195 g, 13.14 mmol) and Ph₃P (3.83 g, 14.59 mmol) in benzene (25 mL). Heat evolution was detected and the resulting amber solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 6 h. Solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified via BIOTAGE® (0 to 15% EtOAc/Hex; 80 g column). A white solid corresponding to Cap-179, Step b (0.77 g) was isolated. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M]⁺ C₁₄H₁₇NO₅: 279.11. found 279.12. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.27-8.32 (2H, m), 8.20-8.24 (2H, m), 5.45 (1H, quin, J=2.82 Hz), 3.92 (2H, dqd, J=11.90, 6.10, 6.10, 6.10, 1.53 Hz), 1.91 (2H, dd, J=14.80, 2.29 Hz), 1.57 (3H, dt, J=14.65, 3.05 Hz), 1.22 (6H, d, J=6.10 Hz).

Cap-179 Step c

A solution LiOH (0.330 g, 13.8 mmol) in water (8 mL) was added to a solution of Cap-179, Step b (0.77 g, 2.76 mmol) in THF (30 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h. THF was removed under reduced pressure and the aqueous layer was diluted with more water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under vacuum. An oily residue with a white solid was recovered. The mixture was triturated with hexanes and the solid was filtered off to yield a clear oil corresponding to Cap-179, Step c (0.34 g). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 4.21 (1H, quin, J=2.82 Hz), 3.87-3.95 (2H, m), 1.72 (1H, br. s.), 1.63 (2H, dd, J=14.34, 2.14 Hz), 1.39-1.47 (2H, m), 1.17 (6H, d, J=6.41 Hz).

Cap-179 Step d

p-Tosyl chloride (3.98 g, 20.89 mmol) was added to a solution of Cap-179, Step c (1.36 g, 10.5 mmol) and Pyridine (3.38 mL, 41.8 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (150 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 24 h and then concentrated to a yellow oil. The remaining residue was added to pyridine (20 mL) and water (30 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1½ h. The mixture was extracted with Et₂O (75 mL) and the separated organic layer was the washed thoroughly with 1 N aq. HCl (4×50 mL). The organic layer was then dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. A white solid corresponding to Cap-179, Step d (2.2 g) was isolated. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [2M+H]⁺ C₂₈H₄₁O₈S₂: 569.22. found 569.3. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.80 (2H, d, J=8.28 Hz), 7.35 (2H, d, J=8.03 Hz), 4.89 (1H, quin, J=2.82 Hz), 3.77-3.88 (2H, m), 2.46 (3H, s), 1.77 (2H, dd, J=14.93, 2.89 Hz), 1.36 (2H, ddd, J=14.31, 11.54, 2.76 Hz), 1.13 (6H, d, J=6.27 Hz).

Cap-179 Step e

LiHMDS (4.30 mL, 4.30 mmol) was added to a solution of Cap-179, Step d (1.02 g, 3.59 mmol) and benzyl 2-(diphenylmethyleneamino)acetate (1.181 g, 3.59 mmol) in toluene (25 mL) at room temperature in a sealed microwave vial and the resulting mixture was then stirred for 5 h at 100° C. under microwave radiation. The reaction was quenched with water (10 mL), extracted with EtOAc, washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, filtrated, and concentrated in vacuum. The residue was purified via BIOTAGE® (0% to 6% EtOAc/Hex; 80 g column) and a yellow oil corresponding to Cap-179, Step e (1.2 g) was isolated. Anal. Calcd. for [2M+Na]^(+C) ₅₈H₆₂N₂NaO₆: 905.45. found 905.42. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.64-7.70 (4H, m), 7.29-7.44 (29H, m), 7.06 (4H, dd, J=7.65, 1.63 Hz), 5.18 (2H, d, J=2.01 Hz), 3.89 (2H, d, J=6.53 Hz), 3.79-3.87 (1H, m), 3.46 (5H, dquind, J=11.26, 5.87, 5.87, 5.87, 5.87, 1.88 Hz), 2.47 (2H, s), 2.35-2.46 (2H, m), 1.78 (1H, dd, J=14.81, 3.01 Hz), 1.62-1.65 (1H, m), 1.61 (2H, s), 1.36-1.43 (3H, m), 1.19 (7H, d, J=6.27 Hz), 1.14 (1H H, dd, J=6.15, 2.89 Hz), 0.86-0.96 (3H, m).

Cap-179 Step f (Enantiomer-1 and Enantiomer-2)

Cap-179, Step e (2.08 g, 4.71 mmol) was dissolved in THF (100 mL) and treated with 2 N HCl (9.42 mL, 18.84 mmol). The resulting clear solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 h and then THF was removed under reduced pressure. The remaining aqueous layer was extracted with hexanes (3×20 ml) and after diluting with H₂O (20 mL), the aqueous phase was basified with 1 N NaOH to pH=10 and extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The resulting residue was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ (100 mL) and charged with DIEA (2.468 mL, 14.13 mmol) and methyl chloroformate (0.401 mL, 5.18 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and the organic layer was removed under reduced pressure. The aqueous layer was then extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified via BIOTAGE® (10% EtOAc/Hex; 25 g column). A clear colorless oil corresponding to Cap-179, Step f (1.05 g) was recovered. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₈H₂₆NO₅: 336.18. found 336.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.32-7.40 (5H, m), 5.26 (1H, d, J=8.24 Hz), 5.13-5.24 (2H, m), 4.36 (1H, dd, J=8.85, 4.88 Hz), 3.68 (3H, s), 3.32-3.46 (2H, m), 2.02-2.14 (1H, m), 1.52 (1H, d, J=12.82 Hz), 1.32 (1H, d, J=12.51 Hz), 1.11-1.18 (6H, m), 0.89-1.07 (2H, m).

A chiral SFC method was developed to separate the racemic mixture by using 12% methanol as the modifier on a CHIRALPAK® AD-H column (30×250 mm, 5 μm) (Temp=35° C., Pressure=150 bar, Wavelength=210 nm, Flow rate=70 mL/min for 8 min, Solvent A=CO₂, Solvent B=MeOH). The two separated isomers, Cap-179 Step f (Enantiomer-1) (first eluting) and Cap-179 Step f (Enantiomer-2) (second eluting) exhibited the same analytical data as the corresponding mixture (see above).

Cap-179 Enantiomer-1 and Enantiomer-2

Cap-179 Step f (Enantiomer-1) (0.35 g, 1.044 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (50 mL) in a Parr bottle and charged with Pd/C (0.111 g, 1.044 mmol). The suspension was then placed in a Parr shaker and the mixture was flushed with N₂ (3×), placed under 40 psi of H₂ (2.104 mg, 1.044 mmol) and shaken at room temperature for 2 h. The catalyst was filtered off through a pad of CELITE® and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, to yield an amber solid corresponding to Cap-179 Enantiomer-1 (0.25 g). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.74 (4H, br. s.), 7.35 (4H, d, J=6.10 Hz), 3.85 (4H, br. s.), 3.53 (3H, s), 3.35 (2H, ddd, J=15.95, 9.99, 6.10 Hz), 1.97 (1H, br. s.), 1.48 (2H, t, J=13.28 Hz), 1.06 (6H, d, J=6.10 Hz), 0.82-1.00 (2H, m).

Cap-179 Enantiomer-2 was prepared similarly: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 12.50 (1H, br. s.), 7.31 (1H, br. s.), 3.84 (1H, t, J=7.32 Hz), 3.53 (3H, s), 3.29-3.41 (2H, m), 1.99 (1H, s), 1.48 (2H, t, J=14.34 Hz), 1.06 (6H, d, J=6.10 Hz), 0.95 (1H, q, J=12.21 Hz), 0.87 (1H, q, J=11.80 Hz). [Note: the minor variation in the ¹H NMR profile of the enantiomers is likely a result of a difference in sample concentration.]

Cap-180 Racemic Mixture

Cap-180 Step a

p-Tosyl-Cl (4.39 g, 23.0 mmol) was added to a solution of Cap-179, Step a (1.50 g, 11.5 mmol) and pyridine (3.73 mL, 46.1 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL) at room temperature and stirred for 2 days. The reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂, washed with water, then 1 N HCl. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated to a yellow oil which was purified via BIOTAGE® (5% to 20% EtOAc/Hex; 40 g column). A clear oil that solidified under vacuum and corresponding to Cap-180, Step a (2.89 g) was isolated. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [2M+Na]⁺ C₂₈H₄₀NaO₈S₂: 591.21. found 591.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.80 (2H, d, J=8.24 Hz), 7.35 (2H, d, J=7.93 Hz), 4.59 (1H, tt, J=11.37, 4.96 Hz), 3.36-3.46 (2H, m), 2.46 (3H, s), 1.91 (2H, dd, J=12.05, 5.04 Hz), 1.37 (2H, dt, J=12.67, 11.52 Hz), 1.19 (6H, d, J=6.10 Hz).

Cap-180 Step b

LiHMDS IN (7.09 mL, 7.09 mmol) was added to a solution of Cap-180, Step a (1.68 g, 5.91 mmol) and ethyl 2-(diphenylmethyleneamino)acetate (1.579 g, 5.91 mmol) in toluene (30 mL) at room temperature and the resulting mixture was then stirred for 16 h at 85° C. The reaction was quenched with water (50 mL), extracted with EtOAc, washed with water, dried over MgSO₄, filtrated, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified via BIOTAGE® (0% to 15% EtOAc/Hex; 40 g column). A clear yellowish oil corresponding to Cap-180, Step b (racemic mixture; 0.64 g) was isolated. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₄H₃₀NO₃: 380.22. found 380.03. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.64-7.70 (2H, m), 7.45-7.51 (3H, m), 7.38-7.44 (1H, m), 7.31-7.37 (2H, m), 7.13-7.19 (2H, m), 4.39 (1H, d, J=10.54 Hz), 4.16-4.26 (2H, m), 3.29-3.39 (1H, m), 2.93-3.03 (1H, m), 2.70 (1H, m, J=9.41, 4.14 Hz), 1.42-1.49 (2H, m), 1.31-1.37 (1H, m), 1.29 (4H, t, J=7.15 Hz), 1.04 (6H, dd, J=7.78, 6.27 Hz).

Cap-180 Step c

Cap-180, Step b (0.36 g, 0.949 mmol) was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and treated with 2 N HCl (1.897 mL, 3.79 mmol). The resulting clear solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 20 h and THF was removed under reduced pressure. The remaining aqueous layer was extracted with hexanes (3×20 mL) and after diluting with H₂O (20 mL), the aqueous phase was basified with 1 N NaOH to pH=10 and extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under vacuum. The resulting residue was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ (10.00 mL) and charged with DIEA (0.497 mL, 2.85 mmol) and methyl chloroformate (0.081 mL, 1.044 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h and the reaction mixture was quenched with water (10 mL) and the organic layer was removed under reduced pressure. Aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL) and the combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. An amber oil corresponding to Cap-180, Step c (0.21 g) was recovered and it was used without further purification. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₂₄NO₅: 273.17. found 274.06. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.20 (1H, d, J=8.03 Hz), 4.59 (1H, t, J=10.16 Hz), 4.11-4.27 (3H, m), 3.69-3.82 (2H, m), 3.64 (3H, s), 1.95-2.07 (1H, m), 1.63 (1H, d, J=13.80 Hz), 1.41 (2H, dd, J=8.03, 4.02 Hz), 1.31-1.37 (1H, m), 1.26 (3H, t, J=7.15 Hz), 1.16 (1H, d, J=6.27 Hz), 1.12 (6H, dd, J=6.15, 3.89 Hz).

Cap-180 Racemic Mixture

Cap-180, Step c (0.32 g, 1.2 mmol) was dissolved in THF (10 mL) and charged with LiOH (0.056 g, 2.342 mmol) in water (3.33 mL) at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred at rt for 2 h. THF was removed under reduced pressure and the remaining residue was diluted with water (15 mL) and washed with Et₂O (2×10 mL). The aqueous layer was then acidified with 1N HCl to pH ˜2 and extracted with EtOAc (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated under vacuum to yield Cap-180 (racemic mixture) (0.2 g) as a white foam. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₂₀NO₅: 246.13. found 246.00. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.14 (1H, d, J=9.03 Hz), 4.65 (1H, t, J=9.91 Hz), 3.63-3.89 (5H, m), 1.99-2.13 (1H, m), 1.56-1.73 (2H, m), 1.48-1.55 (1H, m), 1.35-1.48 (1H, m), 1.27 (1H, br. s.), 1.17 (6H, d, J=6.02 Hz).

Cap-185 Enantiomer-1 and Enantiomer-2

Cap-185 Step a

To a mixture of furan (1.075 mL, 14.69 mmol) and zinc (1.585 g, 24.24 mmol) in 1 mL of THF was added 1,1,3,3-tetrabromopropan-2-one (8.23 g, 22.03 mmol) and triethyl borate (5.25 mL, 30.8 mmol) in 4 mL of THF dropwise during 1 hour in dark. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature in dark for 17 hours. The resulting dark brown mixture was cooled to −15° C., and 6 mL of water was added. The mixture was warmed to 0° C. and stirred at this temperature for 30 min. The mixture was then filtered and washed with ether. The filtrate was diluted with water and extracted with ether (3×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford dark brown oil. The dark brown oil was dissolved in 6 mL of MeOH and the solution was added dropwise to a mixture of zinc (4.99 g, 76 mmol), copper (I) chloride (0.756 g, 7.64 mmol) and ammonium chloride (5.4 g, 101 mmol) in 20 mL of MeOH. The reaction temperature was maintained below 15° C. during addition. The mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 20 hours, filtered, and the filtrate was diluted with water and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-14% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-185, Step a as a white solid (1.0 g) as a white solid, which turned yellow soon. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 6.24 (2H, s), 5.01 (2H, d, J=4.88 Hz), 2.73 (2H, dd, J=16.94, 5.04 Hz), 2.31 (2H, d, J=16.79 Hz).

Cap-185 Step b

To a solution of Cap-185, Step a (240 mg, 1.933 mmol) in 2 mL of THF at −78° C. was added L-selectride (3.87 mL, 3.87 mmol) (1 M in THF) dropwise over 100 min. The resulting mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 1 hour and then at room temperature overnight. The mixture was then cooled to 0° C., 4 mL of 20% NaOH aqueous solution was added, followed by 2 mL of H₂O₂ (30% water solution) dropwise. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour and then neutralized with 6N HCl (˜5 mL). The aqueous layer was saturated with NaCl and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-40% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-185, Step b (180 mg) as clear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 6.49 (2H, s), 4.76 (2H, d, J=4.27 Hz), 3.99 (1H, t, J=5.77 Hz), 2.29 (2H, ddd, J=15.18, 5.65, 4.02 Hz), 1.70-1.78 (2H, m).

Cap-185 Step c

p-Tosyl-Cl (544 mg, 2.85 mmol) was added to a solution of Cap-185, Step b (180 mg, 1.427 mmol) and pyridine (0.462 mL, 5.71 mmol) in 5 mL of CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL) and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 days. The reaction was diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and washed with 1 N aq. HCl. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-15% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-185, Step c (210 mg) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.73 (2H, d, J=8.24 Hz), 7.32 (2H, d, J=8.24 Hz), 6.25 (2H, s), 4.76 (1H, t, J=5.65 Hz), 4.64 (2H, d, J=3.66 Hz), 2.44 (3H, s), 2.18 (2H, td, J=10.07, 5.49 Hz), 1.71 (2H, d, J=15.56 Hz).

Cap-185 Step d

A microwave tube was charged with benzyl 2-(diphenylmethyleneamino)acetate (1.5 g, 4.57 mmol) and Cap-185, Step c (1.28 g, 4.57 mmol) in 5 mL of toluene. The tube was sealed and LiHMDS (5.5 mL, 5.5 mmol) (1 N in toluene) was added dropwise under N₂. The resulting dark brown solution was heated at 100° C. in microwave for 5 hours. To the mixture was then added water and EtOAc. The layers were separated and the water phase was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic layers were concentrated to afford Cap-185, Step d as a racemic mixture of. The crude mixture was submitted to the next step without purification or separation. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₉H₂₈NO₃ 438.21. found 438.4.

Cap-185 Step e

To a solution of the racemic mixture of Cap-185, Step d in 30 mL of THF was added HCl (20 mL) (2 N aq.). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. After the reaction was done as judged by TLC, the two layers were separated. The aqueous layer was washed with EtOAc, neutralized with sat. NaHCO₃ aq. solution and then extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford Cap-185, Step e. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₂₀NO₃ 274.14. found 274.12.

Cap-185 Step f

A solution of the crude Cap-185, Step e, DiPEA (1.24 mL, 7.1 mmol) and methyl chloroformate (0.55 mL, 7.1 mmol) in 5 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The mixture was then diluted with CH₂Cl₂ and washed with water. The organic layer was dried with Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-40% EtOAc/Hex) to afford 700 mg of the racemic mixture. The mixture was then separated by chiral HPLC (CHIRALPAK® AD-H column, 30×250 mm, 5 um) eluting with 88% CO₂-12% EtOH at 70 mL/min to afford 240 mg of Enantiomer-1 and 310 mg of Enantiomer-2 of Cap-1, Step f as white solids. Enantiomer-1: LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₈H₂₂NO₅ 332.15. found 332.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.30-7.40 (5H, m), 6.03-6.16 (2H, m), 5.09-5.26 (3H, m), 4.65-4.74 (2H, m), 4.33 (1H, dd, J=9.16, 4.88 Hz), 3.67 (3H, s), 2.27-2.38 (1H, m), 1.61-1.69 (1H, m), 1.45-1.56 (1H, m), 1.34 (1H, dd, J=13.43, 5.19 Hz), 1.07 (1H, dd, J=13.12, 5.19 Hz). Enantiomer-2: LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₈H₂₂NO₅ 332.15. found 332.06.

Cap-185 Enantiomer-1 and Enantiomer-2

To a hydrogenation bottle containing a solution Cap-185, Step f (Enantiomer-2) (300 mg, 0.905 mmol) in 10 mL of MeOH was added Pd/C (15 mg, 0.141 mmol) under a cover of nitrogen. The mixture was hydrogenated on a Parr shaker at 40 psi for 3 hours. The mixture was then filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to afford

Cap-185 (Enantiomer-2) (200 mg) as a white solid. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₈NO₅ 244.12. found 244.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.33 (1H, br. s.), 4.46 (2H, d), 4.28 (1H, br. s.), 3.68 (3H, s), 2.35 (1H, br. s.), 1.91-2.03 (2H, m), 1.56-1.80 (4H, m), 1.36-1.55 (2H, m). [Note: Cap-185 (Enantiomer-1) can be obtained in a similar fashion.] Cap-186

To a solution of the ester Cap-185, Step f (Enantiomer-2) (150 mg, 0.453 mmol) in 4 mL of MeOH was added NaOH (4 mL of 1 N in water, 4.00 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. The methanol was then removed under vacuum, and the residue was neutralized with 1 N HCl solution and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford Cap-186 that was contaminated with some benzyl alcohol (sticky white solid; 115 mg). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₆NO₅ 242.10. found 242.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 6.10-6.19 (2H, m), 5.36 (1H, d, J=8.85 Hz), 4.75-4.84 (2H, m), 4.28 (1H, dd, J=8.55, 4.58 Hz), 3.68 (3H, s), 2.33-2.45 (1H, m), 1.60-1.72 (2H, m), 1.30-1.48 (2H, m).

Cap-187

Cap-187 Step a

To a solution of Cap-178, Step e (2.2 g, 18.94 mmol), PPh₃ (24.84 g, 95 mmol) and 4-nitrobenzoic acid (14.24 g, 85 mmol) in 30 mL of benzene was added DEAD (42.9 mL, 95 mmol) dropwise. The resulting light orange solution was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was then removed under vacuum and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-15% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-187, Step a (2.3 g) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.27-8.34 (2H, m), 8.20-8.26 (2H, m), 5.45 (1H, t, J=2.90 Hz), 3.83-3.96 (3H, m), 1.90-2.03 (2H, m), 1.80-1.88 (1H, m), 1.61-1.70 (1H, m), 1.21 (3H, d, J=6.10 Hz).

Cap-187 Step b

To a solution of Cap-187, Step a (2.3 g, 8.67 mmol) in 10 mL of MeOH was added sodium methoxide (2.372 mL, 8.67 mmol) (25% in Methanol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Water was added, and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (5×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-15% EtOAc/Hex, then 15-50% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-187, Step b (0.85 g) as clear oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 4.19-4.23 (1H, m), 3.82-3.91 (2H, m), 3.73-3.79 (1H, m), 1.79-1.88 (1H, m), 1.62-1.68 (1H, m), 1.46-1.58 (2H, m), 1.14 (3H, d, J=6.10 Hz).

Cap-187

The individual enantiomers of Cap-187 were synthesized from Cap-187, Step b according to the procedure described for Cap-178. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₀H₁₈NO₅ 232.12. found 232.1. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.26 (1 H, d, J=7.78 Hz), 4.32-4.43 (1H, m), 4.07 (1H, dd, J=11.54, 3.51 Hz), 3.72 (3H, s), 3.39-3.50 (2H, m), 2.08-2.23 (1H, m), 1.54-1.68 (1H, m), 1.38-1.52 (1H, m), 1.11-1.32 (5H, m).

Cap-188 Four Stereoisomers

Cap-188 Step a

To a solution of 2,2-dimethyldihydro-2H-pyran-4(3H)-one (2 g, 15.60 mmol) in 50 mL of MeOH was slowly added sodium borohydride (0.649 g, 17.16 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. To the mixture was then added 1 N HCl aqueous solution until it crosses into acidic pH range and then extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford Cap-188, Step a (1.9 g) as clear oil. The product was used in the next step without purification. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 3.91-4.02 (1H, m), 3.79-3.86 (1H, m), 3.63 (1H, td, J=12.05, 2.51 Hz), 1.82-1.93 (2H, m), 1.40-1.53 (1H, m), 1.29-1.38 (1H, m), 1.27 (3H, s), 1.20 (3H, s).

Cap-188.1 and Cap-188.2, Step b

p-Tosyl-Cl (5.56 g, 29.2 mmol) was added to a solution of Cap-188, Step a (1.9 g, 14.59 mmol) and pyridine (4.72 mL, 58.4 mmol) in 100 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. To the reaction was added 10 mL of water, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional hour. The two layers were separated and the organic phase was washed with water and 1 N HCl aqueous solution. The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford the mixture of two enantiomers as a light yellow solid. The mixture was then separated by chiral HPLC (CHIRALPAK® AD column, 21×250 mm, 10 um) eluting with 92% 0.1% diethylamine/Heptane-8% EtOH at 15 mL/min to afford Cap-188.1, Step b (1.0 g) and Cap-188.2, Step b (1.0 g). The absolute stereochemistry of the two enantiomers was not assigned. Cap-188.1, Step b: LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [2M+Na]⁺ C₂₈H₄₀NaO₈S₂ 591.21. found 591.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.79 (2H, d, J=8.24 Hz), 7.34 (2H, d, J=8.24 Hz), 4.72-4.81 (1H, m), 3.78 (1H, dt, J=12.44, 4.16 Hz), 3.53-3.61 (1H, m), 2.45 (3H, s), 1.75-1.86 (2H, m), 1.61-1.71 (1H, m), 1.52-1.60 (1H, m), 1.22 (3H, s), 1.14 (3H, s). Cap-188.2, Step b: LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [2M+Na]⁺ C₂₈H₄₀NaO₈S₂ 591.21. found 591.3.

Cap-188

The four stereoisomers of Cap-188 could be synthesized from Cap-188.1, Step b and Cap-188.2, Step b, according to the procedure described for the preparation of Cap-178. Cap-188 (Steroisomer-1): LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C_(1i)H₁₉NNaO₅ 268.12. found 268.23. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.32 (1H, d, J=8.55 Hz), 4.26-4.35 (1H, m), 3.57-3.82 (5H, m), 2.11-2.34 (1H, m), 1.25-1.58 (4H, m), 1.21 (6H, d, J=6.10 Hz). Cap-188 (Stereoisomer-2): LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₂₀NO₅ 246.13. found 246.1. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.25 (1H, d, J=8.55 Hz), 4.33 (1H, dd, J=8.39, 5.04 Hz), 3.80 (1H, dd, J=11.90, 3.97 Hz), 3.62-3.76 (4H, m), 2.20-2.32 (1H, m), 1.52-1.63 (1H, m), 1.27-1.49 (3H, m), 1.22 (6H, d, J=14.04 Hz).

Cap-189

Cap-189 Step a

To a solution of phenylmagnesium bromide (113 mL, 340 mmol) (3 M in ether) in 100 mL of ether was added dropwise exo-2,3-epoxynorbornane (25 g, 227 mmol) in 50 mL of ether. After the initial exotherm, the mixture was heated to reflux overnight. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and quenched carefully with water (˜10 mL). The mixture was diluted with ether and washed with a 3 N HCl aqueous solution (˜160 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with ether (2×) and the combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-18% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-189, Step a (11 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 6.03-6.11 (2H, m), 3.76 (1H, d, J=11.29 Hz), 2.72-2.81 (2H, m), 1.98 (1H, d, J=11.29 Hz), 1.67-1.76 (2H, m), 0.90-0.97 (2H, m).

Cap-189 Step b

To a solution of oxalyl chloride (59.9 mL, 120 mmol) in 200 mL of CH₂Cl₂ at −78° C. was added DMSO (17.01 mL, 240 mmol) in 100 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The mixture was stirred for 10 min, and Cap-189, Step a (11 g, 100 mmol) in 150 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added followed by Et₃N (72.4 mL, 519 mmol) in 30 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30 min and then warmed to room temperature. Water (150 mL) was added and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 mins. The two layers were then separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×). The organic layers were combined, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-5% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-189, Step b (5.3 g) as a light yellow oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 6.50-6.55 (2H, m), 2.78-2.84 (2H, m), 1.92-1.99 (2H, m), 1.17-1.23 (2H, m).

Cap-189 Step c

A mixture of Cap-189, Step b (5.3 g, 49.0 mmol), p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (1.492 g, 7.84 mmol) and ethylene glycol (4.10 mL, 73.5 mmol) in 100 mL of benzene was refluxed for 4 hours and then stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was partitioned between Et₂O and aqueous sat. NaHCO₃ solution and the two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-6% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-189, Step c (5.2 g) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 6.20 (2H, t, J=2.13 Hz), 3.90-3.97 (2H, m), 3.81-3.89 (2H, m), 2.54 (2H, m), 1.89-1.99 (2H, m), 0.95-1.03 (2H, m).

Cap-189 Step d

A solution of Cap-189, Step c (5.2 g, 34.2 mmol) in 60 mL of MeOH and 50 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was cooled to −78° C. and treated with ozone gas until a light blue color was apparent. The reaction was then bubbled with N₂ to remove the excess ozone gas (blue color disappeared) and sodium borohydride (1.939 g, 51.3 mmol) was added into the reaction. The reaction was then warmed to 0° C. Acetone was added into the mixture to quench the excess sodium borohydride. The mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 100% EtOAc) to afford Cap-189, Step d (5.0 g) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 3.99-4.09 (4H, m), 3.68 (4H, m), 2.17-2.29 (2H, m), 1.92-2.10 (2H, m), 1.77-1.88 (2H, m), 1.57-1.70 (2H, m).

Cap-189 Step e

To a solution of Cap-189, Step d (1 g, 5.31 mmol) in 20 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added silver oxide (3.8 g), p-Ts-Cl (1.215 g, 6.38 mmol) and KI (0.176 g, 1.063 mmol). The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. The mixture was then filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 60% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-189, Step e (0.79 g) as clear oil. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₆H₂₂NaO₆S 365.10. found 365.22. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.80 (2H, d, J=8.28 Hz), 7.36 (2H, d, J=8.03 Hz), 4.11-4.17 (1H, m), 3.85-4.06 (5H, m), 3.64-3.71 (1H, m), 3.55-3.63 (1H, m), 2.47 (3H, s), 2.32-2.43 (1H, m), 2.15-2.27 (1H, m), 1.70-1.89 (2H, m), 1.52-1.66 (1H, m), 1.35-1.47 (1H, m).

Cap-189 Step f

To a solution of Cap-189, Step e (2.2 g, 6.43 mmol) in 40 mL of MeOH was added potassium carbonate (1.776 g, 12.85 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was then diluted with water and EtOAc. The two layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-15% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-189, Step f (0.89 g, 5.23 mmol, 81%) as clear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 3.89-4.02 (6H, m), 3.58 (2H, dd, J=10.79, 2.51 Hz), 1.69-1.89 (6H, m).

Cap-189 Step g

To the solution of Cap-189, Step f (890 mg, 5.23 mmol) in 15 mL of THF was added HCl (15 mL, 45.0 mmol) (3 M aqueous). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was then diluted with ether and the two layers were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with ether (2×) and the combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford Cap-189, Step g (0.95 g, containing some residual solvents). The product was used in the next step without purification. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 3.95-4.00 (2H, m), 3.85 (2H, d, J=10.68 Hz), 2.21-2.28 (2H, m), 1.99-2.04 (2H, m), 1.90-1.96 (2H, m).

Cap-189 Step h (Enantiomer-1 and Enantiomer-2)

To a solution of (+/−)-benzyloxycarbonyl-α-phosphonoglycine trimethyl ester (1733 mg, 5.23 mmol) in 6 mL of THF at −20° C. was added 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (0.723 mL, 5.75 mmol). The resultant light yellow mixture was stirred at −20° C. for 1 hour, and Cap-189, Step g (660 mg, 5.23 mmol) in 3 mL of THF was added and mixture was then stirred at room temperature for 3 days. The reaction mixture was then diluted with EtOAc, washed with a 0.1; N HCl aq. solution. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×) and the combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-4% EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂) to afford 960 mg of the racemic mixture. The mixture was separated by chiral HPLC (CHIRALPAK® AD column, 21×250 mm, 10 um) eluting with 90% 0.1% diethylamine/Heptane-10% EtOH at 15 mL/min to afford Cap-189, Step h (Enantiomer-1; 300 mg) and Cap-189, Step h (Enantiomer-2; 310 mg) as white solids. Cap-189, Step h (Enantiomer-1): LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₈H₂₂NO₅ 332.15. found 332.2. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.29-7.41 (5H, m), 6.00 (1H, br. s.), 5.13 (2H, s), 3.63-3.87 (8H, m), 2.84 (1H, br. s.), 1.84-2.02 (2H, m), 1.63-1.84 (2H, m). Cap-189, Step h (Enantiomer-2): LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₈H₂₂NO₅ 332.15. found 332.2.

Cap-189 Step i

N₂ was bubbled through a solution of Cap-189, Step h (Enantiomer-2; 290 mg, 0.875 mmol) in 10 mL of MeOH in a 500 mL hydrogenation bottle for 30 mins. To the solution was added (S,S)-Me-BPE-Rh (9.74 mg, 0.018 mmol), and the mixture was then hydrogenated at 60 psi for 6 days. The mixture was concentrated, and chiral analytical HPLC (CHIRALPAK® OJ column) indicated that there were a small amount of remaining starting material and one major product. The residue was then separated by chiral HPLC (CHIRALPAK® OJ column, 21×250 mm, 10 um) eluting with 70% 0.1% diethylamine/Heptane-30% EtOH at 15 mL/min to afford Cap-189, Step i, (150 mg) as clear oil. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₈H₂₄NO₅ 334.17. found 334.39. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 7.28-7.41 (5H, m), 5.12-5.18 (1H, m), 5.09 (2H, s), 4.05 (1H, t, J=10.07 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.60-3.72 (2H, m), 3.41-3.50 (2H, m), 2.10 (1H, br. s.), 1.72-1.99 (6H, m).

Cap-189 Step j

To a solution of Cap-189, Step i (150 mg, 0.450 mmol) in 10 mL of MeOH in a hydrogenation bottle were added dimethyl dicarbonate (0.072 mL, 0.675 mmol) and 10% Pd/C (23.94 mg, 0.022 mmol) under a cover of nitrogen cover. The mixture was then hydrogenated on Parr-shaker at 45 psi overnight. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated to afford Cap-189, Step j (110 mg) as a clear oil. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₂₀NO₅ 258.13. found 258.19. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.08 (1H, d, J=9.16 Hz), 4.03 (1H, t, J=10.07 Hz), 3.75 (3H, s), 3.60-3.72 (5H, m), 3.46 (2H, t, J=10.38 Hz), 2.11 (1H, br. s.), 1.72-1.99 (6H, m).

Cap-189

To a mixture of Cap-189, Step j (110 mg, 0.428 mmol) in 2 mL of THF and 1 mL of water was added LiOH (0.641 mL, 1.283 mmol) (2 N aq.). The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was neutralized with a 1 N HCl aq. solution and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated to afford Cap-189 (100 mg) as a white solid. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₁H₁₇NNaO₅ 266.10. found 266.21. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.10 (1H, d, J=9.16 Hz), 4.02 (1H, t, J=10.07 Hz), 3.62-3.78 (5H, m), 3.49 (2H, d, J=10.68 Hz), 2.07-2.22 (2H, m), 1.72-1.98 (6H, m).

Cap-190 Diastereomeric Mixture

Cap-190 Step a

To a mixture of cyclopent-3-enol (2.93 g, 34.8 mmol) and imidazole (5.22 g, 77 mmol) in 30 mL of DMF at 0° C. was added t-butyldimethylchlorosilane (6.30 g, 41.8 mmol). The resulting colorless mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Hexanes and water were then added to the mixture and the two layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc (2×) and the combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 2% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-190, Step a (6.3 g) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.65 (2H, s), 4.49-4.56 (1H, m), 2.56 (2H, dd, J=15.26, 7.02 Hz), 2.27 (2H, dd, J=15.26, 3.36 Hz), 0.88 (9H, s), 0.06 (6H, s).

Cap-190 Step b

To a solution of Cap-190, Step a (2.3 g, 11.59 mmol) in 40 mL of CH₂Cl₂ at 0° C. was added m-CPBA (5.60 g, 16.23 mmol) in 5 portions. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. Hexanes and water were then added to the mixture and the two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with 50 mL aq. 10% NaHSO₃ and brine, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 3%-6% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-190, Step b (1.42 g) and its trans diastereomer (0.53 g) as clear oils. Cap-190, Step b (cis): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 4.39-4.47 (1H, m), 3.47 (2H, s), 2.01-2.10 (2H, m), 1.93-2.00 (2H, m), 0.88 (9H, s), 0.04 (6H, s). Cap-190, Step b (trans): ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 4.04-4.14 (1H, m), 3.47 (2H, s), 2.41 (2H, dd, J=14.05, 7.28 Hz), 1.61 (2H, dd, J=14.18, 6.90 Hz), 0.87 (9H, s), 0.03 (6H, s).

Cap-190 Step c

To a solution of (S)-1,2′-methylenedipyrrolidine (0.831 g, 5.39 mmol) in 15 mL of benzene at 0° C. was added dropwise n-butyllithium (4.90 mL, 4.90 mmol) (1 M in hexane). The solution turned bright yellow. The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min. Cap-190, Step b (cis-isomer; 0.7 g, 3.27 mmol) in 10 mL of benzene was then added and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 3 hours. EtOAc and sat. NH₄Cl aq. solution were added into the mixture, and the two layers were separated. The organic layer was washed with water and brine, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 15% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-190, Step c (400 mg) as a light yellow oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.84-5.98 (2H, m), 4.53-4.69 (2H, m), 2.63-2.73 (1H, m), 1.51 (1H, dt, J=13.73, 4.43 Hz), 0.89 (9H, s), 0.08 (6H, s).

Cap-190 Step d

To a solution of Cap-190, Step c (400 mg, 1.866 mmol), MeI (1.866 mL, 3.73 mmol) (2 M in t-butyl methyl ether) in 5 mL of THF at 0° C. was added NaH (112 mg, 2.80 mmol) (60% in mineral oil). The resulting mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature and stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction was then quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried with MgSO₄ and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 5% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-190, Step d (370 mg) as light yellow oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.92-5.96 (1H, m), 5.87-5.91 (1H, m), 4.64-4.69 (1H, m), 4.23-4.28 (1H, m), 3.32 (3H, s), 2.62-2.69 (1H, m), 1.54 (1H, dt, J=13.12, 5.49 Hz), 0.89 (9H, s), 0.07 (5H, d, J=1.83 Hz).

Cap-190 Step e

To a solution of Cap-190, Step d (400 mg, 1.751 mmol) in 10 mL of EtOAc in a hydrogenation bottle was added platinum(IV) oxide (50 mg, 0.220 mmol). The resulting mixture was hydrogenated at 50 psi on Parr shaker for 2 hours. The mixture was then filtered through CELITE®, and the filtrate was concentrated to afford Cap-190, Step e (400 mg) as a clear oil. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₂H₂₇O₂Si 231.18. found 231.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 4.10-4.17 (1H, m), 3.65-3.74 (1H, m), 3.27 (3H, s), 1.43-1.80 (6H, m), 0.90 (9H, s), 0.09 (6H, s).

Cap-190 Step f

To a solution of Cap-190, Step e (400 mg, 1.736 mmol) in 5 mL of THF was added TBAF (3.65 mL, 3.65 mmol) (1 N in THF). The color of the mixture turned brown after several min., and it was stirred at room temperature overnight. The volatile component was removed under vacuum, and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (silica gel, 0-25% EtOAc/Hex) to afford Cap-190, Step f (105 mg) as light yellow oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 4.25 (1H, br. s.), 3.84-3.92 (1H, m), 3.29 (3H, s), 1.67-2.02 (6H, m).

Cap-190

Cap-190 was then synthesized from Cap-190, Step f according to the procedure described for Cap-182. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₀H₁₇NNaO₅ 254.10. found 254.3. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 5.25 (1H, d, J=8.55 Hz), 4.27-4.41 (1H, m), 3.81-3.90 (1H, m), 3.69 (3H, s), 3.26 (3H, s), 2.46-2.58 (1H, m), 1.76-1.99 (3H, m), 1.64-1.73 (1H, m), 1.40-1.58 (1H, m), 1.22-1.38 (1H, m).

Cap-191 Enantiomer-1

Cap-191 Step a

To a solution of diisopropylamine (3 ml, 21.05 mmol) in THF (3 ml) at −78° C. under nitrogen was added n-butyl lithium (2.5 M in hexanes; 8.5 ml, 21.25 mmol). The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 10 min then brought up to 0° C. for 25 min. The reaction was cooled down again to −78° C., methyl tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboxylate (3 g, 20.81 mmol) in THF (3 ml) was added. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 15 min then brought up to 0° C. for 30 min. The reaction was cooled down to −78° C., methyl iodide (1.301 ml, 20.81 mmol) was added. After the addition, the cold bath was removed and the reaction was allowed to slowly warm up to ˜25° C. and stirred for 22 h. Ethyl acetate and aqueous HCl (0.1N) were added, and the organic layer was separated and washed with brine and dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was loaded on a Thomson's silica gel cartridge eluting with 10% ethyl acetate/hexanes to afford a light yellow oil (2.83 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.73-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.40-3.30 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.93 (dm, 1H), 1.92-1.90 (dm, 1H), 1.43 (ddd, J=13.74, 9.72, 3.89, 2H), 1.18 (s, 3H).

Cap-191 Step b

To a solution of Cap-191, Step a (3 g, 18.96 mmol) in toluene (190 ml) at −78° C. under nitrogen was added diisobutylaluminum hydride (1.5M in toluene; 26.5 ml, 39.8 mmol) dropwise. The reaction was continued to stir at −78° C. for 1.5 h, and the bath was removed and was stirred for 18 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (20 mL). HCl (1M, 150 mL) was added and the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (4×40 mL). The combined organic phases were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified with flash chromatography (silica gel; 40% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to afford a colorless oil (1.36 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 3.77 (dt, J=11.73, 4.55, 2H), 3.69-3.60 (m, 2H), 3.42 (s, 2H), 1.71-1.40 (bs, 1H) 1.59 (ddd, J=13.74, 9.72, 4.39, 2H), 1.35-1.31 (m, 1H), 1.31-1.27 (m, 1H), 1.06 (s, 3H).

Cap-191 Step c

To a solution of DMSO (5.9 ml, 83 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (85 ml) at −78° C. under nitrogen was added oxalyl chloride (3.8 ml, 43.4 mmol) and stirred for 40 min. A solution of Cap-191, Step b (4.25 g, 32.6 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (42.5 ml) was then added. The reaction was continued to be stirred at −78° C. under nitrogen for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with cold 20% K₂HPO₄ (aq) (10 mL) and water. The mixture was stirred at ˜25° C. for 15 min, diluted with diethyl ether (50 mL) and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with diethyl ether (2×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was taken up in CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL) and purified with flash chromatography (silica gel, eluting with CH₂Cl₂) to afford a colorless oil (2.1 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 9.49 (s. 1H), 3.80 (dt, J=11.98, 4.67, 2H), 3.53 (ddd, J=12.05, 9.41, 2.89, 2H), 1.98 (ddd, J=4.71, 3.20, 1.38, 1H), 1.94 (ddd, J=4.71, 3.20, 1.38, 1H), 1.53 (ddd, J=13.87, 9.60, 4.14, 2H), 1.12 (s, 3H).

Cap-191 Step d

To a solution of Cap-191c (2.5 g, 19.51 mmol) in CHCl₃ (20 ml) under nitrogen at ˜25° C. was added (R)-2-amino-2-phenylethanol (2.94 g, 21.46 mmol) and stirred for 5 h. The reaction was cooled to 0° C., trimethylsilyl cyanide (3.8 ml, 30.4 mmol) was added dropwise. The cold bath was removed and the reaction was allowed to stir at ˜25° C. under nitrogen for 15.5 h. The reaction was treated with 3N HCl (20 mL) and water (20 mL), and the product was extracted with CHCl₃ (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (NaSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified with flash chromatography (silica gel; 40% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to afford two diastereomers: Cap-191, Step d1 (diastereomer 1) as a colorless oil which solidified into a white solid upon standing (3 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.42-7.26 (m, 5H), 5.21 (t, J=5.77, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J=8.53, 4.52, 1H), 3.61-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.37 (m, 5H), 3.10 (d, J=13.05, 1H), 2.65 (d, J=13.05, 1H), 1.64-1.55 (m, 1H), 1.55-1.46 (m, 1H), 1.46-1.39 (m, 1H), 1.31-1.23 (m, 1H), 1.11 (s, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₂₃N₂O₂: 275.18. found 275.20. Cap-191, Step d2 (diastereomer 2) as a light yellow oil (0.5 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.44-7.21 (m, 5H), 4.82 (t, J=5.40, 1H), 3.82-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.73-3.61 (m, 3H), 3.61-3.37 (m, 5H), 2.71 (dd, J=9.29, 4.77, 1H), 1.72-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.48-1.37 (m, 1H), 1.35-1.25 (m, 1H), 1.10 (s, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₂₃N₂O₂: 275.18. found 275.20.

Cap-191 Step e

To a solution of Cap-191, Step d2 (diastereomer 2) (0.4472 g, 1.630 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (11 ml) and MeOH (5.50 ml) at 0° C. under nitrogen was added lead tetraacetate (1.445 g, 3.26 mmol). The reaction was stirred for 1.5 h, the cold bath was removed and stirring was continued for 20 h. The reaction was treated with a phosphate buffer (pH=7; 6 mL) and stirred for 45 min. The reaction was filtered over CELITE®, washed with CH₂Cl₂ and the layers were separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×25 mL), and the combined organic layers was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified with flash chromatography (silica gel; 15% ethyl acetate/hexanes) to afford the imine intermediate as a colorless oil (181.2 mg). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.55 (d, J=1.00, 1H), 7.89-7.81 (m, 2H), 7.61-7.46 (m, 3H), 4.80 (d, J=1.00, 1H), 3.74 (tt, J=11.80, 4.02, 2H), 3.62-3.46 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.15 (s, 3H).

The imine intermediate was taken up in 6N HCl (10 mL) and heated at 90° C. for 10 days. The reaction was removed from the heat, allowed to cool to room temperature and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 mL). The aqueous layer was concentrated in vacuo to afford an off-white solid. The solid was taken up in MeOH and loaded on a pre-conditioned MCX (6 g) cartridge, washed with MeOH followed by elution with 2N NH₃/MeOH solution and concentrated in vacuo to afford an off-white solid (79.8 mg). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 14.33-13.51 (bs, 1H), 8.30 (bs, 3H), 3.82-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.70 (dt, J=11.80, 4.02, 2H), 3.58-3.43 (m, 2H), 1.76-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.47-1.36 (m, 1H), 1.36-1.27 (m, 1H), 1.08 (s, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₈H₁₆NO₃: 174.11. found 174.19.

Cap-191 Enantiomer-1

To a solution of Cap-191, Step e (0.0669 g, 0.386 mmol) and sodium carbonate (0.020 g, 0.193 mmol) in sodium hydroxide (1M aq.; 0.4 ml, 0.40 mmol) at 0° C. was added methyl chloroformate (0.035 ml, 0.453 mmol) dropwise. The reaction was removed from the cold bath and allowed to stir at ˜25° C. for 3 h. The reaction was washed with diethyl ether (3×20 mL). The aqueous layer was acidified with 12 N HCl (pH ˜1-2), and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×20 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo to afford Cap-191 as a colorless film (66.8 mg). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 13.10-12.37 (bs, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=9.04, 1H), 4.02 (d, J=9.29, 1H), 3.72-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.54-3.44 (m, 2H), 1.65 (ddd, J=13.61, 9.72, 4.27, 1H), 1.53 (ddd, J=13.68, 9.66, 4.27, 1H), 1.41-1.31 (m, 1H), 1.31-1.22 (m, 1H), 1.00 (s, 3H). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₀H₁₇NO₅Na: 254.10. found 254.11.

Cap-192 Enantiomer-2

Cap-192 (Enantiomer-2) was prepared from Cap-191, Step d1 according to the procedure described for the preparation of its enantiomer Cap-191.

Cap-193

Cap-193 Step a

To a solution of methyl 2-(benzyloxycarbonylamino)-2-(dimethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (1.45 g, 4.2 mmol) in DCM was added DBU (0.70 ml, 4.7 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min, followed by addition of a solution of 1,3-dimethoxypropan-2-one (0.5 g, 4.2 mmol) in DCM. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture was charged to an 80 g silica gel cartridge which was eluted with an 18 min gradient of 0-70% EtOAc in hexane to afford Cap-193, Step a (0.8 g) as a thick oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, MeOD) ppm 7.23-7.43 (5H, m), 4.99-5.18 (2H, m), 4.16 (2H, s), 4.06 (2H, s), 3.66-3.78 (3H, s), 3.26 (3H, s), 3.23 (3H, s). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. For [M+Na]⁺ C₁₆H₂₁NNaO₆: 346.14. found: 346.12.

Cap-193 Step b

A reaction mixture of ester Cap-193, Step a (0.5 g) and (+)-1,2-bis((2S,5S)-2,5-diethylphospholano)benzene(cyclooctadiene)rhodium (I) tetrafluoroborate (0.1 g) in MeOH was stirred under 55 psi of H₂ for 18 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness. The residue was charged to a 25 g silica gel cartridge and eluted with an 18 min gradient of 0-80% EtOAc in hexane to afford Cap-193, Step b (0.49 g) as a clear oil. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. For [M+Na]⁺ C₁₆H₂₃NNaO₆: 348.15. found: 348.19.

Cap-193 Step c

A reaction mixture of Cap-193, Step b (0.16 g), dimethyl dicarbonate (0.13 g) and 10% Pd/C (0.026 g) in EtOAc was stirred under H₂ at room temperature for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated to yield the methyl carbamate Cap-193, Step c. LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. For [M+Na]⁺ C₁₀H₁₉NNaO₆: 272.12. found: 272.07.

Cap-193

To a solution of ester Cap-193, Step c in THF (1 mL) and MeOH (0.25 mL) was added 1 N NaOH (1 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hrs. The reaction mixture was concentrated and diluted with EtOAc and 1 N HCl. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc, and the combined organic phase was washed with sat. NaCl, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated to yield Cap-193 (0.082 g). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) 5.99 (1H, d, J=8.56 Hz), 4.57 (1H, dd, J=8.56, 3.27 Hz), 3.67 (3H, s), 3.49 (2H, d, J=4.28 Hz), 3.45-3.44 (2 H, m), 3.26-3.35 (6H, m). LC-MS: Anal. Calcd. For [M+Na]⁺ C₉H₁₇NNaO₆: 258.11. found: 258.13.

Cap-194

Piperidine (1.0 mL, 10 mmol) was added to a solution of (S)-2-(9H-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonylamino)-4-methoxybutanoic acid (0.355 g, 1 mmol) in DMF (3 mL), and the mixture was stirred at rt for 3 h. The volatiles were removed and the residue was partitioned between sat. NaHCO₃ (aq.) (5 mL) and EtOAc (5 mL). The aqueous layer was further washed with EtOAc and Et₂O. To the aqueous solution was added Na₂CO₃ (212 mg, 2.0 mmol) followed by methyl chloroformate (0.16 mL, 2.0 mmol) and the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 16 h. The reaction mixture was acidified with 1 N HCl (aq.) until pH <7 and then extracted with EtOAc (2×10 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash silica chromatography (EtOAc/hexanes, gradient from 20% to 70%) to yield (S)-4-methoxy-2-(methoxycarbonylamino)butanoic acid (Cap-194) (91.5 mg) as viscous colorless oil. LC-MS retention time=0.61 min; m/z 214 [M+Na]⁺. (Column: PHENOMENEX® Luna 3.0×50 mm S10. Solvent A=90% Water:10% Methanol: 0.1% TFA. Solvent B=10% Water:90% Methanol: 0.1% TFA. Flow Rate=4 mL/min. Start % B=0. Final % B=100. Gradient Time=3 min. Wavelength=220). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, chloroform-d) δ ppm 7.41 (br. s., 1 H), 5.74-6.02 (m, 1H), 4.32-4.56 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, 3H), 3.54 (t, J=5.0 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 1.99-2.23 (m, 2H).

EXAMPLES

Purity assessment and low resolution mass analysis were conducted on a Shimadzu LC system coupled with Waters Micromass ZQ MS system. It should be noted that retention times may vary slightly between machines. Unless noted otherwise, the LC conditions employed in determining the retention time (R_(t)) were:

Condition OL1 Column=XTERRA C18 S7 (4.6×30 mm) Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% water Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% water

Condition OL2 Column=XTERRA C18 S7 (4.6×50 mm) Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% water Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% water

Condition OL3 Column=XTERRA C18 S7 (3.0×50 mm) Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% water Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% water

Cond.-OL4 Column=XTERRA 5 u (4.6×50 mm) Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=2 min Stop time=3 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.2% H₃PO₄ in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.2% H₃PO₄ in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-MS-W1 Column=XTERRA C18 S7 (3.0×50 mm) Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=2 min Stop time=3 min Flow Rate=5 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-MS-W6 Column=YMC-Pack Pro C-18 S3 (6.0×150 mm) Start % B=50 Final % B=100

Gradient time=15 min Stop time=16 min Flow Rate=1.5 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-D1 Column=XTERRA C18 S7 (3.0×50 mm) Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-D2 Column=Phenomenex-Luna C18 S10 (4.6×50 mm) Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-D3 Column=Phenomenex Luna C18 S7 (3.0×50 mm) Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-M3 Column=XTERRA C18 3.0×50 mm S7 Start % B=0 Final % B=40

Gradient time=2 min Stop time=3 min Flow Rate=5 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond-CB1 Column=Primesphere C18-HC 4.6×30 mm Start % B=0 Final % B=100 Gradient Time=2 min

Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 Solvent A=10% CH₃CN-90% H₂O-5 mM NH₄OAc Solvent B=90% CH₃CN-10% H₂O-5 mM NH₄Oac Cond.-JG1 Column=XTERRA 3.0×50 mm S7 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-JG2 Column=XTERRA 3.0×50 mm S7 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=4 min Stop time=5 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-JG3 Column=Phenomenex-Luna 3.0×50 mm S10 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=3 min Stop time=4 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.2% H₃PO₄ in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.2% H₃PO₄ in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-JG4 Column=Phenomenex-Luna 3.0×50 mm S10 Start % B=0 Final % B=100 Gradient Time=4 min

Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220

Solvent A=10% methanol ˜90% H₂O ˜10 mm Ammonium Acetate Solvent B=90% methanol ˜10% H₂O ˜10 mm Ammonium Acetate

Condition IV Column=XTERRA 3.0×50 mm S7 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=2 min Stop time=3 min Flow Rate=5 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond-RK1 Column=XTerra MS C18-HC 4.6×50 mm, 5 um Start % B=10 Final % B=100 Gradient Time=2 min

Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm Solvent A=H₂O-10 mM NH₄OAc Solvent B=CH₃CN-10 mM NH₄Oac Cond.-J1 Column=Phenomenex-Luna 4.6×50 mm S10 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=2 min Stop time=3 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Cond.-J2 Column=XTERRA 4.6×50 mm S5 Start % B=0 Final % B=100

Gradient time=2 min Stop time=3 min Flow Rate=4 mL/min

Wavelength=220 nm

Solvent A=0.1% TFA in 10% methanol/90% H₂O Solvent B=0.1% TFA in 90% methanol/10% H₂O

Example OL-1

Example OL-1a

Ethyl malonyl chloride (2.5 mL, 19.5 mmol) was added slowly to a solution of benzoin (3.77 g, 17.8 mmol), pyridine (1.44 mL, 17.8 mmol) and dimethylaminopyridine (100 mg) in dichloromethane (30 mL) and kept at 10° C. in an ice-water bath for 30 min then allowed to warm to ambient temperature for 2 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo followed by addition of acetic acid (60 mL) and ammonium chloride (6.25 g, 81.15 mmol). The resulting mixture was heated to reflux temperature for 2 h, diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane to yield an oil that was purified by flash chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes (10:90) to give Example OL-1a (2.93 g, 54% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.64 (m, 2H), 7.58 (m, 2H), 7.29-7.38 (m, 6H), 4.24 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (s, 2H), 1.29 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.85 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₉H₁₈NO₃: 308.12. found: 308.

Example OL-1b

Example OL-1a (0.35 g, 1.14 mmol) was added to cold fuming nitric acid (25 mL/g) keeping the temperature below 0° C. at all times. The yellow solution was stirred at 0° C. for 30 min then allowed to warm to ambient temperature, where it stirred for 1 h. The mixture was then poured onto ice and the aqueous suspension was neutralized with 5N sodium hydroxide and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated, to give Example OL-1b as a yellow solid (0.4 g, 88% yield) which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 8.26 (dd, J=9.1, 2.2 Hz, 4H), 7.82 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.27 (q, J=7.1, 2 H), 3.98 (s, 2H), 1.32 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=2.04 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₉H₁₆N₃O₇: 398.09. found: 398.

Example OL-1c

A catalytic amount of 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon (100 mg) in methanol (2 mL) was added to Example OL-1b (0.15 g, 0.38 mmol) in ethyl acetate/methanol (30:15 mL). The system was then placed under 1 atm of hydrogen gas (balloon) and stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The suspension was filtered through a pad of Celite and concentrated in vacuo. The product was purified by flash chromatography, eluting first with ethyl acetate/hexanes (50:50), then ethyl acetate and finally methanol/ethyl acetate (5:95) to give Example OL-1c (85 mg (67% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 7.22 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.57 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.53 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.43 (bs, 2H), 5.23 (bs, 2H), 4.15 (q, J=7.2, 2 H), 3.96 (s, 2H), 1.21 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=0.91 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₉H₂₀N₃O₃: 338.14. found: 338.

Example OL-1d

2-Ethoxy-1-ethoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ, 0.13 g, 0.54 mmol) was added in one portion to a stirred suspension of Example OL-1c (0.08 g, 0.24 mmol) and N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-alanine (0.12 g, 0.52 mmol) in anhydrous dichloromethane (3 mL). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 15 h before the solvent was removed in vacuo and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC to afford Example OL-1d as a white solid (0.13 g, 75% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 10.19 (s, 1H), 10.11 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J=11.1, 8.1 Hz, 4H), 7.51 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 2 H), 7.35 (m, 6H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.25 (bs, 1H), 7.18 (bs, 1H), 5.02 (m, 4H), 4.18 (m, 4H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 1.29 (d, J=7.32 Hz, 6H), 1.22 (t, J=7.17 Hz, 3H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.80 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₁H₄₂N₅O₉: 748.29. found: 748.

Example OL-1

A solution of lithium hydroxide (3.6 mg, 0.15 mmol) in water (2 mL) was added to a solution of Example OL-1d (75 mg, 0.094 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (2 mL) and the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the remaining aqueous solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with sat. aqueous sodium bicarbonate and all the aqueous layers were combined, acidified to pH=4 and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was recrystallized from dichloromethane/diethyl ether to afford Example OL-1 (32 mg, 40% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 13.02 (b.s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 10.09 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (m, 4H), 7.49 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 2H), 7.34 (m, 6H), 7.29 (m, 2H), 7.25 (bs, 1H), 7.18 (bs, 1H), 5.00 (m, 4H), 4.17 (t, J=7.32, 2 H), 3.93 (s, 2H), 1.27 (t, J=7.02 Hz, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.72 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₉H₃₈N₅O₉: 720.26. found: 720.

Example OL-2

Prepared from Example OL-1c and Carbobenzyloxy-L-Proline, according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example OL-2 (0.14 g, 95% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 10.26 (s, 1H), 10.18 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (m, 4H), 7.51 (m, 4H), 7.37 (d, J=3.66 Hz, 4H), 7.32 (dd, J=8.4, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (m, 2H), 7.18 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (m, 2H), 5.08 (m, 4H), 4.94 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (m, 2H), 4.17 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 4.08 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 2H), 3.51 (m, 2H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 2.25 (m, 2H), 1.91 (m, 6H), 1.23 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 3H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.83 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₅H₄₆N₅O₉: 800.32. found: 800.

Example OL-3

Prepared from Example OL-2 according to the procedure described for Example OL-1. This gave Example OL-3 as an off-white solid (45 mg, 62% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 10.26 (s, 1H), 10.18 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (m, 4H), 7.51 (m, 4H), 7.37 (d, J=3.66 Hz, 4H), 7.32 (dd, J=8.4, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (m, 2H), 7.18 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (m, 2H), 5.08 (m, 4H), 4.94 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (m, 2H), 4.97 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 2H), 3.51 (m, 2H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 2.25 (m, 2H), 1.91 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.72 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₂N₅O₉: 772.29. found: 772.

Example OL-4

Example OL-4-a

Acetyl chloride (2 mL, 28.3 mmol) was added slowly to a solution of benzoin (5.47 g, 25.58 mmol), pyridine (2.1 mL, 25.8 mmol) and N,N′-dimethylaminopyridine (100 mg, catalytic) in dichloromethane (50 mL) at 10° C. The mixture was stirred at 10° C. for 0.5 h and at ambient temperature for 2 h. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure and a mixture of ammonium acetate (9.7 g, 126 mmol) and glacial acetic acid (100 mL) was added to the residue. The resulting solution was then stirred at reflux temperature for 2 h, diluted with water and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layer was washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The yellow oil was purified by flash chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes (10:90) to afford Example OL-4-a (5.65 g, 93% yield). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.64 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.29-7.38 (m, 6H), 2.55 (s, 3H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.96 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₁₄NO: 236.1. found: 236.

Example OL-4-b

Prepared from Example OL-4-a, according to the procedure described for Example OL-1b. This afforded Example OL-4-b (1.1 g, 80% yield) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 8.31 (m, 4H), 7.87 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.82 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (s, 3H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=2.10 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₁₂N₃O₅: 326.07. found: 326.

Example OL-4-c

Prepared from Example OL-4-b, according to the procedure described for Example OL-1c. This afforded Example OL-4-c (0.22 g, 68% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.23 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2 H), 6.57 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.54 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 5.28 (bs, 4H), 2.40 (s, 3H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=0.81 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₁₆N₃O: 266.12. found: 266.

Example OL-4

Prepared from Example OL-4-c, according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example OL-4 (0.12 g, 75% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 10.19 (s, 1H), 10.11 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J=11.1, 8.1 Hz, 4H), 7.51 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 2H), 7.47 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (m, 6H), 7.32 (m, 2H), 7.25 (bs, 1H), 7.18 (bs, 1H), 5.03 (m, 4 H), 4.20 (m, 2H), 2.49 (s, 3H), 1.30 (d, J=7.02 Hz, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.84 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₈H₃₈N₅O₇: 676.27. found: 676.

Example OL-5

Prepared from Example OL-4-c and Carbobenzyloxy-L-Proline, according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example OL-5 (0.11 g, 63% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 10.24 (s, 1H), 10.16 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (m, 4H), 7.49 (m, 4H), 7.37 (d, J=3.66 Hz, 4H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (m, 1H), 7.12 (m, 2H), 5.08 (m, 3H), 4.95 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (dd, J=7.9, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (dd, J=8.1, 2.9 Hz, 1 H), 3.52 (m, 2H), 3.45 (m, 2H), 2.25 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. 1): R_(t)=1.87 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₂H₄₂N₅O₇: 728.3. found: 728.

Example OL-6

Example OL-6a

N-bromosuccinamide (0.76 g, 4.25 mmol) and benzoyl peroxide (0.17 g, 0.7 mmol) were added in one portion to a solution of 2-methyl-4,5-diphenyloxazole (1 g, 4.25 mmol) in carbon tetrachloride (5 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux temperature for 6 h, the resulting succinimide was filtered-off and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The remaining residue was purified by flash chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes (5:95) to give Example OL-6a (0.95 g, 72% yield) as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.79 (m, 2H), 7.75 (m, 2H), 7.50-7.62 (m, 6H), 4.38 (s, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.93 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₁₃BrNO: 314.1. found: 314.

Example OL-6b

OL-6a (0.018 g, 0.57 mmol) and dimethylamine hydrochloride (93 mg, 1.14 mmol) were added to a suspension of cesium carbonate (1 g, 2.87 mmol) in acetone (15 mL). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 5 h and the solvent was removed in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between water and dichloromethane, and the organic layer was separated, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The desired product was purified by flash chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes (60:40) to give Example OL-6b (0.13 g, 83% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.65 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.60 (d, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 7.31-7.35 (m, 6H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 2.41 (s, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.34 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₈H₁₉N₂O: 279.14. found: 279.

Example OL-6b

Prepared from Example OL-6a according to the procedure described for Example OL-1b. This afforded Example OL-6b (0.15 g, 87% yield) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 8.13 (d, J=8.0, 2 H), 7.94 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 7.29 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 2H), 2.48 (s, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.33 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₈H₁₇N₄O₅: 369.11. found: 369.

Example OL-6c

Prepared from Example OL-6b according to the procedure described for Example OL-1c. This afforded Example OL-6c (40 mg, 32% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz): δ 7.43 (d, J=8.5, 2 H), 7.38 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.65 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.62 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 3.66 (s, 2H), 2.38 (s, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. 1): R_(t)=0.15 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₈H₂₁N₄O: 309.16. found: 309.

Example OL-6

Prepared from Example OL-6c and (S)-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example OL-6 (75 mg, 89% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz): δ 10.25 (s, 1H), 10.16 (s, 1H), 7.71 (d, J=8.85 Hz, 2H), 7.66 (d, J=8.85 Hz, 2H), 7.53 (m, 4H), 7.25 (m, 10H), 4.64 (s, 2H), 4.45 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (d, J=3.36 Hz, 4H), 3.63 (m, 4H), 2.94 (s, 6H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=2.09 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁻ C₄₄H₄₆N₆O₅: 739.35. found (M+NH₄): 777. Anal. Calc. for [M−H]⁻ C₄₄H₄₇N₆O₅: 737.35. found: 737.

Example MS-1

Example MS-1a

2-Amino-1-(4-bromo-phenyl)-ethanone hydrochloride salt (2.5 g, 10.0 mmol) was added portionwise to a cold (0° C.) solution of 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride (1.85 g, 10.0 mmol) and pyridine (2.4 mL, 30.0 mmol) in methylene chloride (100 mL). Upon completion of the addition, the mixture was allowed to warm up to rt where it stirred for 2 h before it was diluted with more methylene chloride and poured into 1N HCl. The organic phase was separated and concentrated down to yield Example MS-1a (3.6 g, 99%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 9.25 (t, 1H, J=5.5 Hz), 8.37 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 8.13 (d, 2H, J=8.8 Hz), 7.99 (d, 2H, J=8.4 Hz); R_(t)=1.35 min (Cond.-MS-W1).

Example MS-1b

Neat phosphorous oxychloride (40 mL) was added to Example MS-1a (3.1 g, 8.56 mmol) and the mixture was heated at 80° C. for 16 h. Upon cooling, the reaction mixture was carefully poured into ice water and stirred vigorously to afford a yellow solid after filtration. The solid was taken up in dichloromethane and neutralized with 10N NaOH. The organic phase was separated and evaporated to yield a solid which was triturated with methanol to furnish Example MS-1b (1.2 g, 41%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 8.36 (d, 2H, J=9.2 Hz), 8.29 (d, 2H, J=9.2 Hz), 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.82 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz), 7.71 (d, 2H, J=8.6 Hz); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz) δ 158.5, 151.0, 148.1, 132.0, 131.8, 127.0, 126.2, 126.0, 125.6, 124.4, 122.1. R_(t)=1.87 min (Cond.-MS-W1); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]^(+C) ₁₅H₁₀BrN₂O₃: 344.99. found: not obsd. LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₅H₁₀BrN₂O₃: 344.99, 346.99. found: 345.15, 347.15.

Example MS-1c

Benzophenone imine (585 μL, 3.5 mmol, 1.2 eq.) was added to a mixture of Example MS-1b (1.0 g, 2.9 mmol, 1.0 eq.), cesium carbonate (1.32 g, 4.0 mmol, 1.4 eq.), Pd₂ dba₃ (53 mg, 0.058 mmol, 0.02 eq.), and (R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene (BINAP, 72 mg, 0.116 mmol, 0.04 equiv) in dioxane (10 mL) under an argon atmosphere. The reaction vessel was sealed and heated at 80° C. overnight. The mixture was cooled to ambient temperature and filtered through Celite, washing the filter pad with ether. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo to yield the crude imine (1.3 g) as a brown solid. A portion of the crude imine (1.0 g) was hydrolyzed with 1N HCl (5 mL) in THF (15 mL) for 20 min, and the resulting aniline was isolated by basifying with 10N NaOH and extractive workup with dichloromethane (3×). The crude aniline was then acylated with N-phenacetyl-L-proline (450 mg, 3.0 mmol) following the procedure outlined for Example OL-1d. Flash chromatography on silica gel (gradient elution with 0% methanol in dichloromethane followed by 5% methanol in dichloromethane) afforded MS-1c (800 mg, 66%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.2 (s, 1H), 8.39 (d, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 8.32 (d, 2H, J=7.3 Hz), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.84 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz), 7.75 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz), 4.42 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.64 (m, 2H), 2.15 (m, 1H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.93 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz) 170.9, 168.4, 157.9, 152.1, 148.0, 139.8, 132.1, 126.8, 125.0, 124.4, 124.0, 121.6, 119.4, 59.8, 47.6, 29.6, 24.3, 22.1. LC (Cond.-MS-W1): R_(t)=1.55 min; LC/MS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₂H₂₁N₄O₅: 421.15. found 421.16. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₂H₂₁N₄O₅: 421.1512. found: 421.1501.

Example MS-1d

Example MS-1c (800 mg, 1.90 mmol) was subjected to catalytic hydrogenation using 10% palladium on carbon (400 mg) in methanol (40 mL) under 1 atm of hydrogen for 16 h. The reaction was filtered through Celite and concentrated to afford Example MS-1d (658 mg, 82%) as a light tan solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.1 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.70 (s, 2H), 7.55 (s, 1H), 6.66 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 5.73 (br s, 2H), 4.40 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.62 (m, 2H), 2.13 (m, 1H), 2.00 (s, 3H), 1.91 (m, 3H); ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz) 170.8, 168.4, 161.0, 151.0, 149.0, 138.7, 127.3, 124.0, 122.6, 119.4, 113.5, 59.8, 47.6, 29.6, 24.3, 22.1. LRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₂H₂₃N₄O₃: 391.18. found 391.2. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₂H₂₃N₄O₃: 391.1770. found: 391.1760.

Example MS-1

Prepared from Example MS-1d with N-phenacetyl-L-proline according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example MS-1 (26.6 mg, 34%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 500 MHz) δ 7.86 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz), 7.65 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz), 7.58 (m, 4H), 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.31 (m, 5H), 4.55 (m, 2H), 3.97 (s, 2H), 3.80, (m, 2H), 3.61-3.77 (m, 4H), 2.23 (m, 2H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.02 (m, 2H). LC (Cond.-MS-W6: R_(t)=11.00 min; 95% homogeneity index; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₆N₅O₅: 606.27. found: 606.3. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₆N₅O₅: 606.2716. found: 606.2738.

Example MS-2

Prepared from Example MS-1d and (2S,4R)-1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-4-tert-butoxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example MS-2 (23.1 mg, 26%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (6:1 MeOH-d₄/CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 7.99 (m, 2H), 7.64-7.75 (m, 5H), 7.49 (s, 1H), 7.30-7.36 (m, 2H), 7.20 (m, 2H), 7.08 (m, 2H), 5.15 (m, 2H), 4.45-4.54 (m, 2H), 3.79 (m, 2H), 3.61 (m, 2H), 3.42 (m, 2H), 2.27 (m, 3H), 2.17 (m, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 1.22 (s, 9H). LC (Cond.-MS-W6): R_(t)=13.83 min, 95% homogeneity index; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₉H₄₄N₅O₇: 694.33. found: 694.3. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₉H₄₄N₅O₇: 694.3240. found: 694.3264.

Example MS-3

Prepared from Example MS-1d and (2S,4R)-1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example MS-3 (29.8 mg, 37%) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 500 MHz) δ 7.99 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz), 7.63-7.72 (m, 7H), 7.53 (s, 1H), 7.21 (d, 2H, J=7.0 Hz), 7.09 (d, 2H, J=7.0 Hz), 5.15 (m, 2H), 4.55 (m, 2H), 4.48 (m, 2H), 3.71 (m, 2H), 3.63 (m, 3H), 2.31 (m, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.09 (m, 2H). LC (Cond.-MS-W6): R_(t)=10.03 min; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₆N₅O₇: 638.26. found: 638.3. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₆N₅O₇: 638.2615. found: 638.2628.

Example MS-4

Prepared from Example MS-1d and (RS)-1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example MS-4 as a mixture of diastereomers (25.6 mg, 32%) and as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 500 MHz) δ 7.99 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz), 7.67-7.75 (m, 6H), 7.51 (s, 1H), 7.37 (m, 5H), 5.13 (s, 2H), 4.53 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.72 (m, 5H), 3.45, (m, 1H), 3.21 (m, 1H), 2.17-2.31 (m, 3H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.05 (m, 3H). LC (Cond.-MS-W6): R_(t)=13.33 min; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₆N₅O₆: 622.26. found: 622.2. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₆N₅O₆: 622.2666. found: 622.2500.

Example MS-5

Prepared from Example MS-1d and (RS)-5-oxo-1-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example MS-5 as a mixture of diastereomers (50.0 mg, 64%) and as a greenish-yellow solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 500 MHz) δ 7.98 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz), 7.72 (d, 2H, J=8.9 Hz), 7.67 (m, 3H), 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.18 (m, 1H), 6.88 (m, 3H), 4.54 (m, 1H), 3.71 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.62 (m, 5H), 3.09 (m, 2H), 2.73 (d, 1H, J=6.7 Hz), 2.66 (d, 1H, J=9.8 Hz), 2.26 (m, 2H), 2.13 (s, 3H), 2.02 (m, 3H). LC (Cond.-MS-W6): R_(t)=11.30 min; 95% homogeneity index; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₄N₅O₅S: 612.22. found: 612.2. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₄N₅O₅S: 612.2280. found: 612.2280.

Example MS-6

Prepared from Example MS-1b according to the five step sequence described for Example MS-1 (using N-acetyl-L-proline first instead of N-phenacetyl-L-proline). This afforded Example MS-6 (43.3 mg, 12.3% overall yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.24 (s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 8.01 (d, 2H, J=8.5 Hz), 7.69-7.78 (m, 7H), 7.18-7.32 (m, 5H), 5.75 (s, 2H), 4.44 (m, 2H), 3.71, (s, 1H), 3.53-3.66 (m, 3H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.92 (m, 6H). LC (Cond.-MS-W6): R_(t)=11.29 min, 95% homogeneity index; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₆N₅O₅: 606.27. found: 606.3. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₆N₅O₅: 606.2717. found: 606.2721.

Example MS-7

Example MS-7a

Prepared from Example MS-Id and (S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example MS-7a (315 mg, 66%) as a light tan solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.37 (s, 1H), 10.14 (s, 1H), 8.04 (m, 2H), 7.70-7.78 (m, 6H), 6.08 (m, 1H), 5.86 (m, 1H), 4.99 (m, 1H), 4.41 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.19 (m, 2H), 3.53-3.60 (m, 3H), 2.14 (s, 3H), 1.92 (m, 3H), 1.30 (s, 9H). LC (Cond.-MS-W6): R_(t)=10.94 min; or LC/MS (Cond.-MS-W1): R_(t)=1.55 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₆N₅O₆: 586.27. found: 586.21. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₆N₅O₆: 586.2665. found: 586.2674.

Example MS-7b

A cold (0° C.) solution of 4N HCl in dioxane (10 mL) was added to Example MS-7a (300 mg, 0.512 mmol) dissolved in dioxane (5 mL). The mixture was stirred rapidly at 0° C. for 0.5 h before it was allowed to warm up to room temperature. After 1 h at room temperature, the mixture was concentrated down in vacuo to afford Example MS-7b (303 mg, 100+%) as a pale, yellow solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 8.05-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.77-7.65 (series of m, 6H), 7.52 and 7.49 (2s, 1H), 6.14-6.06 (m, 2H), 5.22 (br s, 1H), 4.59-4.56 and 4.53-4.50 (2m, 1H), 4.31-4.26 (m, 1H), 4.19-4.15 (m, 1H), 3.73-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.59 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.11 and 1.99 (2s, 3H), 2.10-2.00 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.61 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₇H₂₈N₅O₄: 486.21. found: 486.27. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₇H₂₈N₅O₄: 486.2141. found: 486.2125.

Example MS-7

Prepared from Example MS-7b and thiophene-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example MS-7 (32.6 mg, 57%) as a tan solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 500 MHz) δ 8.04-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.67 (series of m, 8H), 7.54-7.52 (m, 1H), 7.22-7.20 (m, 1H), 6.22-6.20 (m, 1H), 6.01-6.00 (m, 1H), 5.51 (br s, 1H), 4.73-4.40 (m, 1H), 4.59-4.53 (2m, 1H), 3.74-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.62 (m, 2H), 2.31-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.13 and 2.01 (2s, 3H), 2.12-2.03 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.04 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₀N₅O₅S: 596.20. found: 596.14. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₀N₅O₅S: 596.1968. found: 596.1963.

Example D-1

Prepared from Example MS-7b and 2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-1 (35.4 mg, 61%) as a tannish-orange solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 500 MHz) δ 8.03-7.88 (2m, 2H), 7.76-7.67 (series of m, 3H), 7.61 (s, 3H), 7.52, 7.51 and 7.45 (3s, 1H), 7.30-7.25 (m, 1H), 7.02-6.90 (3m, 2H), 6.15-6.12 (m, 1H), 5.93-5.90 (2m, 1H), 5.33-5.28 (2m, 1H), 4.60-4.39 (m, 3H), 4.08-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.63 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.15, 2.14 and 2.01 (3s, 3H), 2.13-2.03 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.08 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₂N₅O₅S: 610.21. found: 610.17. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₂N₅O₅S: 610.2124. found: 610.2126.

Example D-2

Prepared from Example MS-7b and 2-ethylbenzoic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-2 (36.3 mg, 61%) as a pale, yellow solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 500 MHz) δ 8.07-7.68 (series of m, 7 H), 7.56-7.49 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.23 (m, 2H), 6.22-5.85 (4m, 2H), 5.48-5.47 (m, 1H), 4.57-4.53 (m, 2H), 4.22-4.19 (m, 1H), 4.04-4.01 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.72 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.60 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.72-2.67 (m, 1H), 2.30-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.14, 2.13 and 2.01 (3s, 3H), 2.10-2.02 (m, 3H), 1.26-1.19 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.22 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₆H₃₆N₅O₅: 618.27; found: 618.22. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₆H₃₆N₅O₅: 618.2717. found: 618.2746.

Example D-3

Prepared from Example MS-7b and isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-3 (28.3 mg, 51%) as a tan solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 500 MHz) δ 8.57-8.47 (2m, 1H), 8.05-7.98 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.64 (2m, 7H), 7.54-7.51 (m, 1H), 7.08 and 7.00 (2s, 1H), 6.22-6.20 (m, 1H), 6.05-6.00 (2m, 1H), 5.90-5.50 (2m, 1H), 4.59-4.53 (m, 2H), 3.73-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.63 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.14 and 2.01 (2s, 3H), 2.13-2.02 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.88 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃M29N606: 581.21. found: 581.16. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₁H₂₉N₆O₆: 581.2149. found: 581.2171.

Example D-4

Example D-4-a

Sulfuric acid (10 mL) was cooled to 0° C. and 2,5-diphenyloxazole (12 g, 54 mmol) was added in two portions. To this orange suspension was added dropwise a 1:1 solution of HNO₃/H₂SO₄ concentrated acids over 10 min. The reaction was stirred for 2.5 h at 0° C. and poured onto chopped ice and filtered. The product was washed with water and diethyl ether and dried to afford Example D-4-a (5 g, 30%) as a bright, yellow solid. The cold filtrate was extracted with EtOAc (300 mL) and the organic extract was decanted into a clean flask. Hexanes (60 mL) was then added and the mixture was allowed to stand idle at rt for 16 h to afford a second crop of Example D-4-a (7 g, 42%). ¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 8.40 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 4H), 8.36 (m, 2H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H). LC/MS (Cond.-D2): R_(t)=2.87 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₅H₉N₃O₅: 312.05. found: 312.13.

Example D-4-b

A suspension of Example D-4-a (9.83 g, 31.6 mmol) in methanol (100 mL) and ethyl acetate (100 mL) was subjected to balloon hydrogenation over 20% Pd(OH)₂/C (1.0 g) for 6 h at ambient temperature before it was suction-filtered through Celite and concentrated down in vacuo to yield the crude product as a reddish solid. The solid was dissolved in hot methanol and the solution was cooled to ambient temperature and the precipitate which formed on cooling was suctioned-filtered to furnish crop 1 of Example D-4-b (1.70 g, 21%) as a brick-colored solid. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuo and this residue was dissolved again in a minimal amount of hot methanol to afford crop 2 of Example D-4-b (2.90 g, 37%) as a reddish-brown solid after cooling to rt and suction-filtration. This filtrate was concentrated down in vacuo and the residue was subjected to flash chromatography on silica gel (gradient elution first with 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes followed by 75% ethyl acetate in hexanes and finally 100% ethyl acetate) to yield crop 3 of Example D-4-b (2.3 g, 29%) as an orange solid after concentration of the eluant to ¼ volume and suction-filtration of the precipitate. ¹HNMR (DMSO-d₆+D₂O, 300 MHz) δ 7.72 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d, J=8.05 Hz, 2H), 6.69 (d, J=8.05 Hz, 2H). LC/MS (Cond.-D3): R_(t)=1.17 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₅H₁₃N₃O: 252.11. found: 252.05.

Example D-4-c

To a mixture of Example D-4-b (3.0 g, 11.94 mmol) and Boc-L-proline (5.27 g, 24.47 mmol) in dichloromethane (120 ml) was added EEDQ (6.20 g, 25.07 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 2 h before additional Boc-L-proline (2.64 g) and EEDQ (3.1 g) were added. After stirring for an additional 1.5 h at rt, most of the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was loaded onto a silica gel column and was eluted with 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to afford Example D-4-c as an orange solid (6.2 g, 80%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.28 (s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 8.04-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.79-7.68 (m, 7H), 4.28-4.19 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.32 (m, 4H), 2.25-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.80 (2m, 6H), 1.41 and 1.27 (2s, 18H); LC/MS (Cond. D2): R_(t)=2.95 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₄N₅O₂: 646.63. found: 646.51. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₄N₅O₂: 646.3241. found: 646.3254.

Example D-4-d

To a cold (0° C.) solution of Example D-4-c (6.2 g, 9.60 mmol) in methanol (5 mL) was added 4N HCl in dioxane (30 ml). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to 25° C. where it stirred for 4 h before it was diluted with ether (100 ml) and filtered. The precipitate was washed with ether (2×100 ml) and dried under high vacuum to afford Example D-4-d as an orange solid (4.91 g, 98%). ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.39-10.38 and 9.64-9.62 (2m, 2H), 8.09 (s, 1H), 7.93-7.02 (series of m, 8H), 4.78-4.75 and 4.48-4.45 (2m, 2H), 3.34-3.28 (m, 2H), 3.23-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.40-2.30 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.80 (2m, 6H); LC/MS (Cond.-D2): R_(t)=1.64 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₅H₂₈N₅O₃: 446.22. found: 446.50. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₅H₂₈N₅O₃: 446.2192. found: 446.2207.

Example D-4

Prepared from Example D-4-d and (RS)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-(2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid (i.e. Cap-38) according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-4 (51.3 mg, 66%) as a pale, yellow solid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 10.53-10.26 (m, 3H), 8.07-8.02 (m, 2H), 7.82-7.62 (3m, 8H), 7.51-7.40 (m, 4H), 5.81-5.79 and 5.74-5.73 (2m, 2H), 4.60-4.55 and 4.50-4.47 (2m, 2H), 4.03-3.93 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.17-3.12 (m, 1H), 3.01-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.85-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.54 and 2.50 (2s, 12H), 2.31-2.11 (m, 2H), 2.06-1.75 (3m, 5H); LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.84 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]^(+C) ₄₅H₄₈F₂N₂O₅: 804.37. found: 804.36. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₅H₄₈F₂N₂O₅: 804.3685. found: 804.3721.

Examples D-5 to D-33

Examples D-5 to D-33 were prepared from Example D-4-d and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and the final products were isolated as TFA salts. The coupling partner (ROH) obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

R_(t) (LC-Cond.); % Coupling homogeneity index; Example Protocol R MS data D-5  HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  two diastereomers 1.86 and 1.93 min (Cond.-D1); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₅H₄₆F₄N₇O₅: 840.35; found: 840.39. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₅H₄₆F₄N₇O₅: 840.3497; found: 840.3502. D-6  HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  predominantly one diastereomer contaminated with D-5 1.92 min (Cond.-D1); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₅H₄₆F₄N₇O₅: 840.35; found: 840.40. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₅H₄₆F₄N₇O₅: 840.3497; found: 840.3491. D-7  HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  predominantly one diastereomer different from D-5 and D-6 1.98 min (Cond.-D1); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₅H₄₆F₄N₇O₅: 840.38; found: 840.40. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₅H₄₆F₄N₇O₅: 840.3497; found: 840.3480. D-8  HATU, DIPEA, DMF

2.51 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₁H₆₀N₉O₅: 878.47; found: 878.72. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₁H₆₀N₉O₅: 878.4717; found: 878.4718. D-9  HATU, DIPEA, DMF

3.43 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₉H₄₈F₄N₉O₇: 950.36; found: 950.81. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₉H₄₈F₄N₉O₇: 950.3613; found: 950.3582. D-10 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

2.36 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₄N₇O₇S₂: 728.20; found: 728.40. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₄N₇O₇S₂: 728.1961; found: 728.1926. D-11 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

1.82 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₇H₄₁N₉O₇: 722.31; found: 722.51. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₇H₄₁N₉O₇: 722.3051; found: 722.3056. D-12 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

2.50 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₁N₇O₁₁: 836.33; found: 836.56. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₇N₇O₁₁: 836.3255; found: 836.3248. D-13 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

1.87 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₁N₉O₇: 794.31; found: 794.50. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₁N₉O₇: 794.3051; found: 794.3060. D-14 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

1.92 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M − H]⁻ C₃₉H₃₆N₇O₇: 714.27; found: 714.35. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M − H]⁻ C₃₉H₃₆N₇O₇: 714.2676; found: 714.2681. D-15 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

2.41 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₉H₅₁N₇O₉: 880.37; found: 880.62. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₉H₅₁N₇O₉: 880.3670; found: 880.3632. D-16 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

1.95 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₁N₉O₇: 794.31; found: 794.50. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₁N₉O₇: 794.3051; found: 794.3082. D-17 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

1.86 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₁N₉O₇: 794.31; found: 794.50. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₁N₉O₇: 794.3051; found: 794.3066. D-18 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

2.63 min (Cond.-D2, S5 instead); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₇H₅₁N₇O₉: 856.37; found: 856.32. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₇H₅₁N₇O₉: 856.3670; found: 856.3699. D-19 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

2.35 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₇H₅₂Cl₂N₇O₇: 896.33; found: 896.46. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₇H₅₂Cl₂N₇O₇: 896.3305; found: 896.3318. D-20 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

2.68 min (Cond.-D1); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₀N₅O₅: 610.30; found: 610.56. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₀N₅O₅: 610.3029; found: 610.3048. D-21 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  stereochemical composition undetermined 2.56 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₁H₅₈N₇O₅: 848.45; found: 848.54. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₁H₅₈N₇O₅: 848.4499; found: 848.4464. D-22 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  mixture of diastereomers stereochemical composition undetermined 2.66 and 2.84 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₁H₇₀N₇O₅: 860.54; found: 860.61. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₁H₇₀N₇O₅: 860.5438; found: 860.5468. D-23 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  stereochemical composition undetermined 2.79 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₁H₅₄N₇O₇: 876.41; found: 876.45. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M − H]⁻ C₅₁H₅₂N₇O₇: 874.3928; found: 874.3950. D-24 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  stereochemical composition undetermined 2.13 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₇H₄₃N₇O₇: 696.31; found: 696.37. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₇H₄₃N₇O₇: 696.3146; found: 696.3160. D-25 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  stereochemical composition undetermined 2.41 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₁H₅₁N₇O₇: 752.38; found: 752.42. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₁H₅₁N₇O₇: 752.3772; found: 752.3766. D-26 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

3.57 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₁H₄₆Cl₄N₇O₇: 1010.78; found: 1010.69. D-27 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

3.01 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₅H₅₈N₇O₉: 840.43; found: 840.70. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₅H₅₆N₇O₉: 838.4140; found: 838.4142 D-28 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

2.99 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₅H₅₈N₇O₉: 840.43; found: 840.46. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₅H₅₆N₇O₉: 838.4140; found: 838.4148. D-29 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  stereochemical composition undetermined 3.07 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₇H₆₂N₇O₉: 868.46; found: 868.50. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M − H]⁻ C₄₇H₆₀N₇O₉: 866.4453; found: 866.4488. D-30 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  stereochemical composition undetermined 3.16 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₇H₆₂N₇O₉: 868.46; found: 868.56. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M − H]⁻ C₄₇H₆₀N₇O₉: 866.4453; found: 866.4460. D-31 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  stereochemical composition undetermined 3.06 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₇H₅₈N₇O₉: 864.43; found: 864.72. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₇H₅₈N₇O₉: 864.4296; found: 864.4313. D-32 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  stereochemical composition undetermined 3.44 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₉H₇₀N₇O₉: 1020.52; found: 1020.77. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M − H]⁻ C₅₉H₆₈N₇O₉: 1018.5079; found: 1018.5067. D-33 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

  mixture of diastereomers stereochemical composition undetermined 3.39 and 3.54 min (Cond.-D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₉H₇₀N₇O₉: 1020.52; found: 1020.82. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M − H]⁻ C₅₉H₆₈N₇O₉: 1018.5079; found: 1018.5059.

Examples D-34 to D-37

Examples D-34 to D-37 were prepared from their respective Boc-protected (D-27, D-28, D-29/D-30 and D-32/D-33) analogs according to the procedure described for Example MS-7b. The final targets were isolated as HCl salts.

R_(t) (LC-Cond.); % Reaction homogeneity Example Protocol R₁ and R₂ index; MS data D-34 4N HCl in dioxane R₁ = R₂ =  

1.86 min (Cond.- D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₂N₇O₅: 640.32; found: 640.57. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₂N₇O₅: 640.3247; found: 640.3261 D-35 4N HCl in dioxane R₁ = R₂ =  

1.83 min (Cond.- D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₂N₇O₅: 640.32; found: 640.26. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₂N₇O₅: 640.3247; found: 640.3242 D-36 4N HCl in dioxane R₁ = R₂ =  

  stereochemical composition undetermined 1.87 min (Cond.- D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₇H₄₆N₇O₅: 668.36; found: 668.29. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₆N₇O₅: 668.3560; found: 668.3530. D-37 4N HCl in dioxane R₁ = R₂ =  

  stereochemical composition undetermined 2.26 min (Cond.- D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₉H₅₄N₇O₅: 820.42; found: 820.31. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₄₉H₅₄N₇O₅: 820.4186; found: 820.4174.

Examples D-38 to D-41

Examples D-38 to D-41 were prepared from their respective deprotected analogs [shown above, D-34, D-35, D-31 (see comment below), and D-36] and Cap-1 according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example D-57. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and the final products were isolated as TFA salts. Note: Example D-40 was prepared from D-31 and Cap-1 through its respective deprotected analog (which was not characterized and carried forward directly) according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example D-57. Purification of Example D-40 was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and the final product was isolated as a TFA salt.

R_(t) (LC-Cond.); % Coupling homogeneity index; Example Protocol R₁ and R₂ MS data D-38 HATU, DIPEA, DMF R₁ = R₂ =  

2.21 min (Cond.- D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₅H₆₄N₉O₇: 962.49; found: not obsd. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₅H₆₄N₉O₇: 962.4929; found: 962.4929. D-39 HATU, DIPEA, DMF R₁ = R₂ =  

2.26 min (Cond.- D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₅H₆₄N₉O₇: 962.49; found: 962.34. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₅H₆₄N₉O₇: 962.4929; found: 962.4957. D-40 HATU, DIPEA, DMF R₁ = R₂ =  

  stereochemical composition undetermined 2.28 min (Cond.- D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₇H₆₄N₉O₇: 986.49; found: 986.78. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₇H₆₄N₉O₇: 986.4929; found: 986.4930. D-41 HATU, DIPEA, DMF R₁ = R₂ =  

  stereochemical composition undetermined 2.18 min (Cond.- D2); LCMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₇H₆₈N₉O₇: 990.52; found: 990.48. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M + H]⁺ C₅₇H₆₈N₉O₇: 990.5242; found: 990.5234.

Example OL-7

Example OL-7a

Prepared from 2,5-diphenyl imidazole according to the procedure described for Example OL-1b. This afforded Example OL-7a (1.0 g, 71% yield) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 13.07 (s, 1H), 8.25 (m, 4H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.73 (m, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=1.34 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₅H₁₁N₄O₄: 311.07. found: 311.

Example OL-7b

Prepared from Example OL-7a according to the procedure described for Example OL-1c. This afforded Example OL-7b as an off-white solid (0.44 g, 85% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 12.36 (bs, 1H), 7.96 (bs, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 6.93 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 5.49 (bs, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=0.16 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₅H₁₅N₄: 251.12. found: 251.

Example OL-7

Prepared from Example OL-7b and Carbobenzyloxy-L-Proline, according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-7 (0.15 g, 67% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ10.28 (s, 2H), 9.26 (s, 1H), 7.69 (m, 4H), 7.42 (m, 4H), 7.37 (m, 4H), 7.32 (m, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (m, 1H), 7.11 (m, 2H), 5.09 (m, 3H), 4.94 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 4.39 (dd, J=8.4, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (dd, J=8.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (m, 4H), 2.25 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.54 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₁H₄₁N₆O₆: 713.30. found: 713.

Example OL-8

Prepared from Example OL-7b and L-Cbz-Alanine according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-8 (0.13 g, 75% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.21 (s, 2H), 9.15 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 4H), 7.65 (d, J=7.02 Hz, 2H), 7.41 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 4H), 7.36 (m, 6H), 7.32 (m, 2H), 7.25 (bs, 1H), 7.18 (bs, 1H), 5.03 (m, 4H), 4.19 (m, 2H), 1.30 (d, J=7.02 Hz, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)═R_(t)=1.52 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₇H₃₇N₆O₆: 661.27. found: 661.

Example OL-9

Prepared from Example OL-7b and (S)-2-(2-phenylacetamido)propanoic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-9 (0.16 g, 78% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.23 (s, 2H), 9.17 (s, 1H), 8.45 (d, J=7.02 Hz, 2H), 7.67 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 4H), 7.39 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 4H), 7.27 (m, 9H), 7.21 (m, 3H), 4.40 (m, 2H), 3.49 (s, 4H), 1.31 (d, J=7.02 Hz, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.42 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₇H₃₇N₆O₄: 629.28. found: 629.

Example OL-10

Prepared from Example OL-7b and (S)-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-10 (45 mg, 77% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.22 and 10.41 (2s, 2H), 9.26 (s, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.85 Hz, 4H), 7.40 (m, 4H), 7.30 (m, 4H), 7.20 (m, 7H), 4.44 and 4.66 (2dd, J=8.4, 3.8 Hz, 4H), 3.70 (m, 4H), 3.60 (m, 4H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=1.61 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₁H₄₁N₆O₄: 681.31. found: 681.

Example OL-11

Prepared from Example OL-7b and (2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-11 (42 mg, 37% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.25 and 10.41 (2s, 2H), 9.13 (s, 1H), 7.65 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 4H), 7.36 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 4H), 7.24 (m, 10H), 5.18 (bs, 2H), 4.48 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (m, 2H), 3.65 (m, 6H), 3.50 (m, 4H), 2.09 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.31 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₁H₄₁N₆O₆: 713.30. found: 713.

Example D-42

Example D-42a

4,5-Diphenyl-2-methylthiazole (5.0 g, 19.9 mmol) was added in two portions to cold (0° C.), fuming nitric acid (50 mL). The mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h before it was allowed to warm to ambient temperature where it stirred for 6 h. The mixture was then poured into crushed ice/water and stirred for 1 h before the precipitate was suction-filtered to afford Example D-42a (5.36 g, 79%) as a bright, yellow solid which was used directly in the next reaction. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 8.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 8.21 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 2.78 (s, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.31 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₁₃N₃O₄S: 342.06. found: 342.05. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₁₃N₃O₄S: 342.0549. found: 342.0547.

Example D-42b

A suspension of 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon (0.20 g) in anhydrous methanol (1 mL) was added to a solution of Example D-42a (0.50 g, 1.46 mmol) in anhydrous methanol (20 mL). The mixture was subjected to balloon hydrogenation for 4 h at ambient temperature before it was suction-filtered through Celite and concentrated in vacuo to afford Example D-42b (0.365 g, 89%) as a pale, yellow solid. ¹H NMR (MeOD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.15 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.61-6.58 (m, 4H), 2.62 (s, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=0.85 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₁₅N₃S: 282.11. found: 282.07. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₁₅N₃S: 282.1065. found: 282.1056.

Example D-42

Example D-42 was prepared from Example D-42b and 1.0 eq. of N—Ac-L-proline and 1.0 eq. of N-PhAc-L-proline according to the procedure for Example OL-1d. This afforded D-42 (84.2 mg, 37%) as a mixture of regioisomers as well as

Example D-43 (36.4 mg, 18%) and Example D-44 (43.9 mg, 17%) as colorless oils (vide infra).

For Example D-42: ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.53-7.48 (m, 4H), 7.37-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.19 (2m, 7H), 4.60-4.46 (series of m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 3.71-3.61 (2m, 4H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.09 and 1.96 (2s, 3H), 2.08-1.92 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.10 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₆H₃₈N₅O₄S: 636.26. found: 636.17. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₆H₃₈N₅O₄S: 636.2645. found: 636.2622.

Example D-43 and Example D-44

For Example D-43: ¹H NMR (MeOD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.53-7.49 (m, 4H), 7.38-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.25-7.20 (m, 2H), 4.55-4.45 (series of m, 2H), 3.72-3.66 (m, 2H), 3.62-3.57 (m, 2H), 2.70 (s, 3H), 2.30-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.09 and 1.97 (2s, 6H), 2.08-2.00 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.78 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₀H₃₄N₅O₄S: 560.23. found: 560.15. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₀H₃₄N₅O₄S: 560.2332. found: 560.2334.

For Example D-44: ¹H NMR (MeOD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.52-7.47 (m, 4H), 7.35-7.33 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.18 (2m, 12H), 4.60-4.50 (series of m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 4H), 3.71-3.57 (series of m, 4H), 2.70 (2s, 3H), 2.25-2.20 (m, 2H), 2.10-1.95 (series of m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.34 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₂H₄₂N₅O₄S: 712.30. found: 712.19. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₂H₄₂N₅O₄S: 712.2958. found: 712.2951.

Example D-45

Example D-45a

p-Azidophenacyl bromide (1.0 g, 4.2 mmol) was added in one portion to a stirred solution of p-aminobenzthioamide (0.64 g, 4.2 mmol) in absolute ethanol (10 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux for 2 h before it was cooled to ambient temperature, diluted with ether and chilled for 16 h at ˜20° C. before it was suction-filtered to afford Example D-45a (1.38 g, 88%) as a mustard-colored solid. A portion of the residue was used to characterize the compound. The bulk of the material was taken up in ethyl acetate and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated. The free base was directly used in the next step. ¹H NMR (MeOD-d₄, 500 MHz) δ 8.19 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 2H), 8.06 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.17 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 2H); LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.06 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₅H₁₂N₅S: 294.08. found: 294.10. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₅H₁₂N₅S: 294.0814. found: 294.0812.

Example D-45b

Prepared from Example D-45a and N-acetyl-L-proline according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. There was isolated Example D-45a (440 mg mg, 82%) as a yellowish-tan solid. ¹H NMR (MeOD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 8.03-8.00 (m, 2H), 7.98-7.95 (2m, 2H), 7.74-7.68 (m, 3H), 7.13-7.11 (m, 2H), 4.59-4.56 and 4.54-4.50 (2m, 1H), 3.74-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.59 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.11 and 1.99 (2s, 3H), 2.09-1.96 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.50 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₂H₂₁N₆O₂S: 433.14. found: 433.15. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₂H₂₁N₆O₂S: 433.14467 found: 433.1464.

Example D-45c

Example D-45b (640.1 mg, 1.48 mmol) was hydrogenated at ambient temperature under 1 atm of hydrogen for 2 h in methanol (20 mL) using 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon (300 mg) to afford Example D-45c (586.1 mg, 97%) as an orange foam which was used directly. ¹H NMR (MeOD-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 10.41 and 10.22 (2s, 1H), 7.97-7.93 (m, 2H), 7.77-7.68 (series of m, 5H), 6.63 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (v br s, 2H), 4.55-4.41 (2m, 1H), 3.64-3.50 (2m, 2H), 2.35-2.10 (2m, 1H), 2.01 and 1.86 (2s, 3H), 1.96-1.87 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.51 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₂H₂₃N₄O₂S: 407.15. found: 407.13. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₂H₂₃N₄O₂S: 407.1542. found: 407.1539.

Example D-45

Prepared from Example D-45c and N-phenacetyl-L-proline according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example D-45 (17.9 mg, 39%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.42, 10.35, 10.23 and 10.13 (4s, 2H), 8.04-7.96 (m, 5H), 7.78-7.68 (m, 4H), 7.33-7.19 (m, 5H), 4.69-4.41 (3m, 2H), 3.71 (s, 2H), 3.68-3.43 (series of m, 4H), 2.40-2.14 (2m, 2H), 2.01-1.86 (2s, 3H), 2.00-1.89 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.26 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₆N₅O₄S: 622.25. found: 622.29. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₆N₅O₄S: 622.2488. found: 622.2483.

Example D-46

Prepared from Example D-45c and 5-oxo-1-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)ethyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example D-46 (14.3 mg, 31%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.43 and 10.24 (2s, 2H), 8.02-7.96 (m, 5H), 7.79-7.69 (m, 4H), 7.36-7.34 (m, 1H), 6.96-6.92 (m, 2H), 4.55-4.53 and 4.44-4.41 (2m, 1H), 3.63-3.55 (m, 2H), 3.50-3.43 (m, 4H), 3.03-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.53 (s, 1H), 2.40-2.10 (2m, 1H), 2.01-1.86 (2s, 3H), 1.94-1.90 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.29 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₄N₅O₄S₂: 628.21. found: 628.13. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₄N₅O₄S₂: 628.2052. found: 628.2076.

Example D-47

Example D-47a

Prepared from Example D-45c and (S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example D-47a (554 mg, 76%) as a pale, yellow solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.41, 10.22 and 10.20 (3s, 2H), 8.01-7.96 (m, 5H), 7.78-7.70 (m, 4H), 6.08-6.04 (m, 1H), 5.88-5.85 (m, 1H), 5.02-4.97 (m, 1H), 4.55-4.41 (2m, 1H), 4.23-4.14 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.06 (m, 1H), 3.63-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.51 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.01 and 1.86 (2s, 3H), 1.99-1.91 (m, 3H), 1.43 and 1.31 (2s, 9H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.27 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₆N₅O₅S: 602.24. found: 602.28. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₆N₅O₅S: 602.2437. found: 602.2458.

Example D-47b

Example D-47a (0.50 g, 0.828 mmol) was subjected to acidic hydrolysis with 4N HCl in dioxane (20 mL) for 3 h before it was concentrated down in vacuo to yield Example D-47b (0.50 g, 113+%) as a yellow solid which was used directly. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.99-7.93 (m, 4H), 7.73-7.65 (m, 5H), 6.13-6.09 (m, 2H), 5.22-5.21 (m, 1H), 4.60-4.50 (2m, 1H), 4.30-4.25 (m, 1H), 4.18-4.14 (m, 1H), 3.73-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.59 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.25 (2m, 1H), 2.11 and 1.99 (2s, 3H), 2.09-2.00 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.72 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₂H₂₈N₅O₃S: 502.19. found: 502.15 HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₂H₂₈N₅O₃S: 502.1913. found: 502.1918.

Example D-47

Prepared from Example D-47b and thiophene-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-47 (15.1 mg, 27%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 10.42, 10.34 and 10.23 (3s, 2H), 8.03-7.97 (m, 5H), 7.87-7.86 (m, 1H), 7.77-7.70 (m, 5H), 7.24-7.22 (m, 1H), 6.20-6.18 (m, 1H), 6.03-6.01 (m, 1H), 5.70-5.40 (2m, 1H), 4.80-4.75 (m, 1H), 4.69-4.65 (m, 1H), 4.55-4.41 (2m, 1H), 3.63-3.50 (2m, 2H), 2.31-2.13 (2m, 1H), 2.01 and 1.86 (2s, 3H), 1.99-1.87 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.11 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₀N₅O₄S₂: 612.17. found: 612.12. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₀N₅O₄S₂: 612.1739. found: 612.1716.

Example D-48

Prepared from Example D-47b and 2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-48 (23.9 mg, 41%) as a light, yellow solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.46, 10.42, 10.24 and 10.23 (4s, 2H), 8.05-7.94 (m, 5H), 7.78-7.68 (2m, 4H), 7.40-7.36 (2m, 1H), 6.99-6.89 (series of m, 2H), 6.14-6.12 (m, 1H), 6.03-5.92 (2m, 1H), 5.43-5.41 and 5.17-5.16 (2m, 1H), 4.55-4.42 (m, 1H), 4.46 (s, 2H), 4.00-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.51 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.10 (2m, 2H), 2.01 and 1.86 (2s, 3H), 1.97-1.90 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.17 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₂N₅O₄S₂: 626.19. found: 626.12. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₂N₅O₄S₂: 626.1896. found: 626.1891.

Example D-49

Prepared from Example D-47b and 2-phenylacetic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-49 (24.0 mg, 42%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.46, 10.42, 10.24 and 10.23 (4s, 2H), 8.05-7.96 (m, 5H), 7.79-7.68 (2m, 4H), 7.34-7.19 (m, 5H), 6.14-6.10 (m, 1H), 6.02-5.92 (2m, 1H), 5.41-5.39 and 5.16-5.15 (2m, 1H), 4.55-4.52 and 4.44-4.41 (2m, 2H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.64-3.51 (2m, 3H), 2.36-2.30 and 2.20-2.10 (2m, 1H), 2.01 and 1.86 (2s, 3H), 1.95-1.90 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.21 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₄N₅O₄S: 620.23. found: 620.17. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₄N₅O₄S: 620.2332. found: 620.2355.

Example D-50

Prepared from Example D-47b and isoxazole-5-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-50 (21.4 mg, 39%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.48, 10.42, 10.39 and 10.23 (4s, 2H), 8.83 and 8.69 (2m, 1H), 8.03-7.95 (m, 5H), 7.78-7.56 (series of m, 4H), 7.20-7.19 and 7.04-7.03 (2m, 1H), 6.20-6.18 (m, 1H), 6.07-6.02 (m, 1H), 5.80-5.76 and 5.41-5.39 (2m, 1H), 4.78-4.41 (series of m, 3H), 3.63-3.50 (2m, 2H), 2.35-2.13 (2m, 1H), 2.01 and 1.86 (2s, 3H), 1.99-1.87 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.98 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₁H₂₉N₆O₅S: 597.19. found: 597.13. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₁H₂₉N₆O₅S: 597.1920. found: 597.1936.

Example D-51

Prepared from Example D-47b and (R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-51 (27.1 mg, 49%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.42, 10.39 and 10.24 (3s, 2H), 8.03-7.97 (m, 5H), 7.79-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.70-7.68 (m, 2H), 6.12-6.10 (m, 1H), 5.99-5.91 (2m, 1H), 5.53-5.51 and 5.15-5.14 (2m, 1H), 4.62-4.20 (series of m, 4H), 3.85-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.51 (2m, 2H), 2.35-2.05 (2m, 2H), 2.01 and 1.86 (2s, 3H), 2.00-1.83 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.99 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₄N₅O₅S: 600.23. found: 600.17. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₄N₅O₅S: 600.2281. found: 600.2286.

Example D-52

Prepared from Example D-47b and (S)-tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-52 (12.4 mg, 22%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.42, 10.25 and 10.24 (3s, 2H), 8.02-7.96 (m, 5H), 7.79-7.74 (m, 2H), 7.71-7.69 (m, 2H), 6.12-6.10 (m, 1H), 5.96-5.92 (m, 1H), 5.42-5.40 and 5.17-5.15 (2m, 1H), 4.66-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.58-4.36 (series of m, 3H), 3.83-3.76 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.50 (2m, 2H), 2.35-2.05 (2m, 2H), 2.01 and 1.86 (2s, 3H), 1.96-1.83 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.01 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₄N₅O₅S: 600.23. found: 600.15. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₄N₅O₅S: 600.2281. found: 600.2305.

Example D-53

Prepared from Example D-47b and benzoic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-53 (16.8 mg, 30%) as a light, yellow solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.42, 10.33, 10.23 and 9.96 (4s, 2H), 8.03-7.90 (m, 5H), 7.79-7.73 (m, 4H), 7.63-7.61 (m, 1H), 7.51-7.48 (m, 2H), 7.43-7.34 (2m, 2H), 6.18-5.88 (series of m, 2H), 5.42-5.40 and 5.22 (2m, 1H), 4.55-4.41 (series of m, 2H), 4.21-4.14 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.50 (2m, 2H), 2.35-2.15 (2m, 1H), 2.01 and 1.86 (2s, 3H), 1.96-1.88 (m, 3H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.12 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₃₂N₅O₄S: 606.22. found: 606.15. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₃₂N₅O₄S: 606.2175. found: 606.2188.

Example OL-12

Example OL-12a

p-Nitroaniline (1.5 g, 10.86 mmol) and p-nitrobenzoyl chloride (2.05 g, 11.08 mmol) were mixed in tetrahydrofuran (30 mL) and stirred at ambient temperature overnight. A brown solid crashed out, which was filtered and washed with tetrahydrofuran to give Example OL-12a (2.40 g, 77% yield) which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 11.10 (s, 1H), 8.40 (d, J=9.1, 2 H), 8.30 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 8.21 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 8.06 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2 H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.57 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₁₀N₃O₅: 288.05. found: 288.

Example OL-12b

Phosphorous pentachloride (0.32 g, 1.53 mmol) was added to a solution of Example OL-12a (0.4 g, 1.39 mmol) in benzene (15 mL). The mixture was heated to reflux temperature for 4 h, concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was taken up in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL). The solution was then transferred via-canula into a solution of hydrazine (0.44 mL, 13.9 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h, poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Example OL-12b (0.38 g, 92% yield) as a yellow solid which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 8.85 (bs, 1H), 8.19 (d, J=9.1, 2 H), 8.07 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (bs, 2H), 6.59 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=1.05 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₃H₁₂N₅O₄: 302.08. found: 302.

Example OL-12c

Carbonyldiimidazole (0.1 g, 0.65 mmol) was added to a solution of Example OL-12b (0.16 g, 0.54 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL), and allowed to stir at ambient temperature until the disappearance of the starting material, as judged by TLC. The mixture was then concentrated under reduced pressure, and the residue was re-dissolved in ethyl acetate, washed with 0.1 N HCl, water and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by flash chromatography, eluting with ethyl acetate/hexanes (50:50) and the obtained oil was dissolved in dichloromethane and triturated with hexanes, to give Example OL-12c (0.11 g, 62% yield) as a yellowish solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 12.81 (bs, 1H), 8.33 (d, J=8.8, 2 H), 8.22 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.57 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=1.34 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₁₀N₅O₅: 328.06. found: 328.

Example OL-12d

Prepared from Example OL-12c according to the procedure described for Example OL-1c. This afforded Example OL-12d (73 mg, 63% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 11.65 (s, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=8.5, 2 H), 6.82 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.56 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 6.42 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.43 (bs, 2H), 5.34 (bs, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=0.21 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₁₄N₅O: 268.11. found: 268.

Example OL-12

Prepared from Example OL-12d and L-Cbz-Alanine, according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example OL-12 (60 mg, 65% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 12.01 (s, 1H), 10.14 (d, J=12.8, 2 H), 7.62 (m, 4H), 7.54 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.31 (m, 10H), 7.18 (dd, J=11.9, 8.9 Hz, 4H), 5.00 (m, 4H), 4.15 (m, 2H), 1.28 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.24 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=1.85 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₆H₃₆N₇O₇: 678.26. found: 678.

Example OL-13

Prepared from Example OL-12d and Carbobenzyloxy-L-Proline, according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example OL-13 (71 mg, 72% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 12.07 (s, 1H), 10.23 (d, J=3.66 Hz, 1H), 10.19 (d, J=5.12 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (m, 2H), 7.54 (m, 2H), 7.35 (m, 4H), 7.21 (m, 8H), 7.09 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 1H), 5.07 (m, 3H), 4.90 (m, 1H), 4.35 (m, 2H), 3.47 (m, 4H), 2.22 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=1.68 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₀H₄₀N₇O₇: 730.29. found: 730.

Example OL-14

Example OL-14a

p-Toluenesulfonic acid (25 mg, catalytic) was added to a mixture of 4-Nitro phenyl-N-(4-nitro-phenyl)-hydrazonamide (160 mg, 053 mmol) and N,N′-dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (92 μL, 069 mmol) in benzene (10 mL). The suspension was stirred at reflux temperature under Dean-Stark conditions with a yellow solid forming after 1 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate, washed with 0.1 N HCl and brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography, eluting with dichloromethane and methanol/dichloromethane (10:90), to give Example OL-14a (0.11 g, 67% yield) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 9.11 (s, 1H), 8.37 (d, J=8.8, 2 H), 8.26 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.72 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=1.20 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+Na]⁺ C₁₄H₉N₅NaO₄: 334.06. found: 334.

Example OL-14b

Prepared from Example OL-14a according to the procedure described for Example OL-1c. This afforded Example OL-14b (60 mg, 75% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 8.49 (s, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=8.5, 2 H), 6.94 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.59 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 5.46 (s, 2H), 5.43 (s, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=0.18 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₁₄N₅: 252.12. found: 252.

Example OL-14

Prepared from Example OL-14b and Carbobenzyloxy-L-Proline according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-14 (46 mg, 75% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.31 (m, 1H), 10.22 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 8.82 d, J=3.0 Hz, 1H), 7.70 (m, 2H), 7.60 (m, 2H), 7.32 (t, J=4.3 Hz, 4H), 7.31 (m, 4H), 7.18 (m, 3H), 7.10 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (m, 3H), 4.92 (m, 1H), 4.35 (m, 2H), 3.45 (m, 5H), 2.34 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.56 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₀H₄₀N₇O₆: 714.30. found: 714.

Example OL-15

Prepared from Example OL-14b and (S)-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-15 (46 mg, 63% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.25 and 10.43 (2s, 1H), 10.17 and 10.35 (2s, 1H), 8.82 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.59 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.24 (m, 14H), 4.42 (m, 2H), 3.69 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 4H), 3.59 (m, 4H), 3.40 (m, 1H), 2.14 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.50 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₀H₄₀N₇O₄: 682.31. found: 682.

Example OL-16

Prepared from Example OL-14b and L-Cbz-Alanine according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-16 (40 mg, 45% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.68 (s, 1H), 10.59 (s, 1H), 9.22 (d, J=2.1, 1H), 8.15 (d, J=8.5, 2 H), 8.08 (m, 1H), 8.04 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.76 (m, 13H), 7.64 (m, 1H), 7.53 (m, 1H), 5.45 (m, 4H), 4.62 (m, 2H), 1.73 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H), 1.71 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 3H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=1.65 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₆H₃₆N₇O₆: 662.26. found: 662.

Example OL-17

Prepared from Example OL-14b and (2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-17 (52 mg, 52% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.28 and 10.47 (2s, 1H), 10.19 and 10.39 (2s, 1H), 8.77 (s, 1H), 7.69 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.58 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 7.25 (m, 14H), 5.14 (bs, 2H), 4.48 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.38 (m, 2H), 3.67 (m, 6H), 3.49 (m, 4H), 2.10 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=1.37 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₀H₄₀N₇O₆: 714.30. found: 714.

Example MS-8

Prepared from commercially available 4,4′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)dianiline and (S)-1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (i.e. N-CBz-L-proline) according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example MS-8 (16.1 mg, 11%) as a colorless film. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 9.67 (br s, 2H), 8.02 (m, 2H), 7.81 (m, 4H), 7.55 (m, 4H), 7.20-7.36 (series of m, 8H), 5.16-5.25 (m, 4H), 4.50 (br s, 2H), 3.63 (br s, 2H), 3.52 (br s, 2 H), 2.32 (m, 2H), 1.97-2.12 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-MS-W1): R_(t)=1.82 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₀H₃₉N₆O₇: 715.28. found: 715.41.

Example MS-9

Prepared from commercially available 4,4′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)dianiline and (S)-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (i.e. N-phenacetyl-L-proline) according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example MS-9 (22.7 mg, 17%) as a colorless film. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 9.91 (s, 2H), 7.72-7.70 (m, 4H), 7.50-7.48 (m, 4H), 7.33-7.25 (m, 10H), 4.84 (br s, 4H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.61-3.59 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.23 (m, 4H), 1.98 (br s, 4H); LC/MS (Cond. MS-W1): R_(t)=1.78 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₀H₃₉N₆O₅: 683.30. found: 683.44.

Example D-54, Example D-55, and Example D-56

Examples D-54, D-55 and D-56 were prepared from commercially available 4,4′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)dianiline and 1.0 eq. of phenylacetic acid and 1.0 eq. acetic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. There was isolated a statistical mixture of products (Example D-54, Example D-55 and Example D-56) which were purified by preparative HPLC on a C18-reverse phase column (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to give all three components separately.

For Example D-54 (84.2 mg, 35%), off-white solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.90-7.80 and 7.71-7.68 (2m, 4H), 7.68-7.62 and 7.57-7.54 (2m, 4H), 7.28-7.27 (m, 3H), 7.22-7.16 (m, 2H), 4.54-4.51 (m, 2H), 3.77 (2s, 2H), 3.75-3.56 (m, 4H), 2.40-2.30 and 2.22-2.06 (m, 2H), 2.13 and 1.97 (2s, 3H), 2.00-1.90 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.18 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₃₅N₆O₅: 607.26. found: 607.23. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₃₅N₆O₅: 607.2669. found: 607.2669.

For Example D-55 (36.4 mg, 17%), off-white solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.98-7.94 and 7.85-7.83 (2m, 4H), 7.78-7.72 and 7.67-7.65 (2m, 4H), 4.60-4.53 (m, 2H), 3.75-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.65-3.60 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.40 and 2.32-2.23 (2m, 2H), 2.13, 2.12 and 1.99 (3s, 6H), 2.10-1.97 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.79 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₈H₃₀N₆O₅: 531.24. found: 531.37. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₈H₃₀N₆O₅: 531.2356. found: 531.2338.

For Example D-56 (43.9 mg, 16%), off-white solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.97-7.92 and 7.74-7.72 (2m, 4H), 7.72-7.68 and 7.58-7.56 (2m, 4H), 7.29-7.28 (m, 6H), 7.24-7.19 (m, 4H), 4.52-4.49 (m, 2H), 3.80 and 3.79 (2s, 4H), 3.76-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.67-3.64 (m, 2H), 2.15-2.05 (m, 4H), 1.98-1.90 (m, 4H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.42 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₀H₃₉N₆O₅: 683.30. found: 683.26. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₀H₃₉N₆O₅: 683.2982. found: 683.2993. Note: Example MS-9 is the same as Example D-56, however, these were prepared differently.

Example D-57

Example D-57a

Prepared from commercially available 4,4′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)dianiline and (S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example D-57a (2.85 g, 89%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.38 and 10.37 (2s, 2H), 8.08 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.87-7.84 (m, 4H), 4.31 and 4.22 (2m, 2H), 3.47-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.39-3.35 (m, 2H), 2.24-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.94-1.81 (2m, 6H), 1.41 and 1.27 (2s, 18H); LC/MS (Cond. D1): R_(t)=2.42 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₄₃N₆O₇: 647.32. found: 647.28. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M−H]⁻ C₃₄H₄₁N₆O₇: 645.3037. found: 645.3016.

Example D-57b

A cold (0° C.) solution of 4N HCl in dioxane (20 mL) was added to Example D-57a (2.50 g, 3.86 mmol). The mixture was stirred rapidly at 0° C. for 1 h before it was allowed to warm up to room temperature. After 1 h at room temperature, the mixture was concentrated down in vacuo to afford Example D-57b (1.74 g, 86%) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 11.38 (s, 2H), 10.01-10.00 (m, 2H), 8.74-8.72 (m, 2H), 8.12 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.91 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 4.49-4.46 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.25 (m, 4H), 2.49-2.43 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.92 (m, 6H); LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.27 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₄H₂₉N₆O₃: 447.21. found: 447.22. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₄H₂₉N₆O₃: 447.2145. found: 447.2120.

Example D-57

HATU (10.3 mg, 0.103 mmol) was added in one portion to a stirred solution of Example D-57b (42 mg, 0.094 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (97 mg, 0.753 mmol) and 2-cyclopropylacetic acid (10.4 mg, 0.103 mmol; 1.0 eq. of each acid was used for the unsymmetrical cases) in anhydrous dimethylformamide (1 mL) at ambient temperature. The mixture was stirred for 4 h before it was diluted with methanol (1 mL) and purified by preparatory HPLC on C₁₈— reverse phase to afford Example D-57 as a trifluoroacetic acid salt. The salt was taken up in methanol (2.0 mL) and free-based using a UCT CHQAX12M6 anion exchange cartridge to afford Example D-57 (35.8 mg, 61%, free base) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.99-7.94 and 7.79-7.77 (2m, 4H), 7.77-7.72 and 7.65-7.63 (2m, 4H), 4.61-4.57 (m, 2H), 3.71-3.58 (2m, 4H), 2.42-233 (m, 4H), 2.29-1.95 (3m, 8H), 1.09-1.02 (m, 2H), 0.55-0.47 (m, 4H), 0.23-0.15 (m, 4H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.26 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₃₉N₆O₅: 611.30. found: 611.25. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₃₉N₆O₅: 611.2982. found: 611.2971.

Example D-58

Prepared from Example D-57b and cyclopropanecarboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-58 (34.0 mg, 61%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.50 and 10.39 (2s, 2H), 8.10-8.05 (m, 4H), 7.87-7.82 (m, 4H), 4.78-4.75 and 4.47-4.43 (2m, 2H), 3.82-3.70 (2m, 4H), 2.25-1.80 (series of m, 10H), 0.77-0.64 (m, 8H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.06 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₅N₆O₅: 583.27. found: 583.38. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₅N₆O₅: 583.2669. found: 583.2656.

Example D-59

Prepared from Example D-57b and cyclobutanecarboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-59 (21.0 mg, 36%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 8.05-8.00 and 7.89-7.87 (2m, 4H), 7.81-7.76 and 7.71-7.69 (2m, 4H), 4.56-4.53 (m, 2H), 3.65-3.51 (2m, 4H), 3.46-3.39 (m, 2H), 2.35-1.94 (series of m, 18H), 1.90-1.80 (m, 2H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.33 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₃₉N₆O₅: 611.30. found: 611.40. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₃₉N₆O₅: 611.2982. found: 611.2997.

Example D-60

Prepared from Example D-57b and (S)-tetrahydrofuran-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-60 (35.2 mg, 57%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 7.97-7.93 and 7.80-7.78 (2m, 4H), 7.74-7.71 and 7.64-7.61 (2m, 4H), 4.72-4.66 (m, 2H), 4.59-4.55 and 4.48-4.43 (2m, 2H), 3.97-3.92 (m, 2H), 3.88-3.82 (m, 2H), 3.79-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.69-3.62 (m, 2H), 2.33-2.21 (m, 4H), 2.18-2.08 (m, 4H), 2.05-1.80 (m, 8H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.95 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₃₉N₆O₇: 643.29. found: 643.37. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₃₉N₆O₇: 643.2880. found: 643.2825.

Example D-61 and Example D-62

Prepared from Example D-57b and 1.0 eq of 2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetic acid and 1.0 eq. of acetic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-61 (14.9 mg, 11%) as an off-white solid and Example D-62 (39.8 mg, 34%) also as an off-white solid. Example D-55 was also isolated from the mixture (see above for its characterization data).

For Example D-61: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.61 and 10.41 (2s, 2H), 8.10-8.06 (m, 4H), 7.87-7.82 (m, 4H), 7.39-7.37 (2m, 2H), 6.97-6.80 (m, 4H), 4.70-4.65 and 4.49-4.46 (2m, 2H), 3.95 (br s, 4H), 3.73-3.62 (2m, 4H), 2.35-2.15 (2m, 2H), 2.07-1.90 (2m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.29 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₆H₃₅N₆O₅S₂: 695.21. found: 695.19. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₆H₃₅N₆O₅S₂: 695.2110. found: 695.2109.

For Example D-62: ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 400 MHz) δ 10.59, 10.53, 10.41 and 10.35 (4s, 2H), 8.11-8.06 (m, 4H), 7.87-7.83 (m, 4H), 7.39-7.34 (m, 1H), 6.97-6.86 (m, 2H), 4.73-4.54 and 4.49-4.41 (2m, 2H), 3.95 (s, 2H), 3.71-3.51 (series of m, 4H), 2.37-2.10 (2m, 2H), 2.01 and 1.86 (2s, 3H), 2.00-1.90 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=2.09 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₃N₆O₅S: 613.22. found: 613.20. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₂H₃₃N₆O₅S: 613.2233. found: 613.2223.

Example D-63 and Example D-64

Prepared from Example D-57b and 1.0 eq. of 2-(pyridin-3-yl)acetic acid and 1.0 eq. of acetic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example D-63 (19.4 mg, 15%) as an off-white solid and Example D-64 (38.4 mg, 33%) also as an off-white solid. Example D-55 was also isolated from the mixture (see above for its characterization data).

For Example D-63: ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 8.48-8.47 (m, 2H), 8.40-8.35 (m, 2H), 8.01-7.96 and 7.80-7.77 (2m, 6H), 7.75-7.70 and 7.59-7.57 (2m, 4H), 7.40-7.30 (2m, 2H), 4.77-4.55 and 4.54-4.51 (2m, 2H), 3.87 (s, 4H), 3.80-3.71 (m, 4H), 2.21-2.12 (m, 4H), 2.05-1.95 (m, 4H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.58 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₈H₃₇N₈O₅: 685.29. found: 685.40. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₈H₃₇N₈O₅: 685.2887. found: 685.2888.

For Example D-64: ¹H NMR (MeOH-d₄, 400 MHz) δ 8.47 (m, 1H), 8.39-8.38 (m, 1H), 7.97-7.89 and 7.80-7.67 (2m, 5H), 7.61-7.58 (m, 4H), 7.39-7.36 (m, 1H), 4.58-4.51 (m, 2H), 3.87 (s, 2H), 3.80-3.58 (2m, 4H), 2.26-2.17 (m, 2H), 2.13 and 1.98 (2s, 3H), 2.04-1.95 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond.-D1): R_(t)=1.68 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₄N₇O₅: 608.26. found: 608.23. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₄N₇O₅: 608.2622. found: 608.2605.

Example OL-18

Example OL-18a

Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (10 mg, 0.013 mmol), copper (I) iodide (5 mg, 0.026 mmol), potassium carbonate (0.36 g, 2.26 mmol) and nBu₃N (31 μL, 0.131 mmol) were added to a suspension of p-nitro-iodobenzene (0.32 g, 1.31 mmol) and p-nitrophenyl-acetylene (0.25 g, 1.7 mmol) in a mixture of water (10 mL) and dimethylformamide (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 3 h and then it was extracted with diethyl ether. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to give Example OL-18a (0.23 g, 98% yield) as a brown solid, which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 8.31 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.91 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.79 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₉N₂O₄: 269.05. found: 179.

Example OL-18b

Example OL-18a (50 mg, 0.28 mmol) and sodium azide (22 mg, 0.34 mmol) were dissolved in dimethylformamide (2 mL) and heated under microwave conditions at 220° C., for 30 min. The brown solution was evaporated and the residue was taken up in ethyl acetate, washed with brine, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford Example OL-18b (85 mg, 98% yield) as a brown solid that was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 15.85 (bs, 1H), 8.31 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.79 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.63 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₁₀N₅O₄: 312.07. found: 312.

Example OL-18c

Prepared from Example OL-18b according to the procedure described for Example OL-1c. This afforded Example OL-18c (82 mg, 51% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 14.98 (bs, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 4H), 6.57 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 4H), 5.21 (bs, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=0.18 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₄H₁₄N₅: 252.12. found: 252.

Example OL-18

Prepared from Example OL-18c and L-Cbz-Alanine according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example OL-18 (37 mg, 56% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.13 (s, 2H), 7.64 (m, 6H), 7.43 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (m, 7H), 7.31 (m, 2H), 7.25 (bs, 1H), 7.18 (bs, 1H), 5.03 (m, 4H), 4.30 (dq, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.30 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 6H), LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=5.48 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₆H₃₆N₇O₆: 662.26. found: 662.

Example OL-19

Prepared from Example OL-18c and Carbobenzyloxy-L-Proline according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-19 (41 mg, 57% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.18 (s, 2H), 7.64 (m, 4H), 7.43 (m, 4H), 7.37 (d, J=3.6 Hz, 4H), 7.32 (m, 1 H), 7.22 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.18 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 5.09 (m, 3H), 4.94 (d, J=13.1, 1H), 4.37 (m, 2H), 3.51 (m, 2H), 3.44 (m, 2H), 2.25 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=5.96 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C40H₄₀N7O₆: 714.30. found: 714.

Example OL-20

Prepared from Example OL-18c and (S)-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-20 (25 mg, 31% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.12 and 10.23 (2s, 2H), 7.62 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.41 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.24 (m, 10H), 4.44 and 4.65 (2dd, J=8.5, 3.4, 2 H), 3.71 (m, 4H), 3.62 (m, 5H), 2.15 (m, 2H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.90 (m, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=6.00 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₀H₄₀N₇O₄: 682.31. found: 682.

Example OL-21

Prepared from Example OL-18c and (2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-21 (29 mg, 34% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.17 and 10.39 (2s, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.48 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.24 (m, 12H), 5.12 (bs, 2H), 4.50 (q, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.39 (m, 2H), 3.68 (m, 6H), 3.51 (m, 4H), 2.11 (m, 2H), 1.96 (m, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=5.05 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₀H₄₀N₇O₆: 714.30. found: 714.

Example OL-22

Example OL-22a

n-Butyl lithium (21.1 mL, 30.6 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of thiophene (1.2 mL, 15 mmol) and tetramethylethylenediamine (4.62 mL, 30.6 mmol) in hexanes (20 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was heated to reflux temperature for 30 min and cooled down to 0° C. and trimethyltin chloride (1M in hexanes, 31.7 mL) was added slowly. The reaction mixture was then stirred at ambient temperature overnight, followed by addition of saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and separation of both phases. The organic layer was washed twice with sat. aq. copper (II) sulfate, dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated to afford a brown solid. The solid was recrystallized from hexanes to afford Example OL-22a (0.33 g, 81% yield) as a white solid. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 500 MHz) δ 7.36 (s, 2H), 0.36 (m, 18H).

Example OL-22b

Example OL-22a (0.24 g, 0.59 mmol), p-nitrobromobenzene (0.13 g, 0.65 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)Cl₂ (21 mg, 0.03 mmol) were combined in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) and heated to reflux temperature for 6 h. The resulting suspension was diluted with hexanes, cooled to ambient temperature and filtered. A red solid was collected and washed with hexanes to afford Example OL-22b (0.17 g, 88% yield) which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 8.30 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 8.02 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.94 (s, 2H).

Example OL-22c

Prepared from Example OL-22b according to the procedure described for Example OL-1c. This afforded Example OL-22c (53 mg, 38% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 7.29 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 4H), 7.09 (s, 2H), 6.57 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 4H), 5.28 (s, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=0.83 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₁₅N₂S: 267.09. found: 267.

Example OL-22

Prepared from Example OL-22c and (S)-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This gave Example OL-22 (15 mg, 15% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.11 and 10.39 (2s, 2H), 7.62 (m, 8H), 7.42 (s, 2H), 7.24 (m, 10H), 4.44 and 4.65 (2dd, J=8.1, 3.5, 2 H), 3.70 (m, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.91 (m, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=2.00 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₂H₄₁N₄O₄S: 697.28. found: 697.

Example OL-23

Prepared from Example OL-22c and Carbobenzyloxy-L-Proline according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example OL-23 (23 mg, 27% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.17 (d, J=4.5 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (m, 8H), 7.45 (t, J=4.5 Hz, 2H), 7.38 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 4H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 5.09 (m, 3H), 4.96 (d, J=12.8, 1H), 4.39 (dd, J=8.4, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (dd, J=8.2, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (m, 2H), 3.46 (m, 2H), 2.28 (m, 1H), 2.22 (m, 1H), 1.90 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=2.09 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₂H₄₀N₄NaO₆S: 751.26. found: 751.

Example OL-24

Prepared from Example OL-22c and L-Acetyl-proline according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example OL-24 (51 mg, 92% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.08 and 10.27 (2s, 2 H), 7.64 (m, 8H), 7.43 and 7.44 (2s, 2H), 4.38 and 4.51 (2dd, J=8.6, 3.1 Hz, 2H), 3.51 (m, 4H), 2.15 (m, 2H), 1.92 (m, 4H), 1.83 (m, 2H), 1.85 and 2.00 (2m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.59 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₀H₃₃N₄O₄S: 545.21. found: 545.

Example OL-25

Example OL-25a

Prepared from 2,5-bis(3-nitrophenyl)thiophene according to the procedure described for Example OL-22c. This afforded Example OL-25a (81 mg, 66% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 7.31 (s, 2H), 7.31 (s, 2H), 7.05 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 6.83 (m, 4H), 6.51 (dd, J=7.8, 1.3 Hz, 2H), 5.22 (s, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=1.04 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₁₅N₂S: 267.09. found: 267.

Example OL-25

Prepared from Example OL-25a and (S)-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example OL-25 (41 mg, 51% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) M0.12 and 10.33 (2s, 2H), 8.05 (s, 2H), 7.15-7.55 (m, 18H), 4.45 and 4.65 (2dd, J=8.2, 3.4, 2 H), 3.72 (m, 4H), 3.68 (m, 2H), 3.60 (m, 2H), 2.16 (m, 2H), 2.03 (m, 2H), 1.93 (m, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=2.26 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₂H₄₁N₄O₄S: 697.28. found: 697.

Example OL-26

Example OL-26a

Prepared from 3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole according to the procedure described for Example OL-1b. This gave Example OL-25a (3.51 g, 98% yield) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 13.07 (s, 1H), 8.25 (bs, 4H), 8.03 (s, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=1.48 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₅H₁₁N₄O₄: 311.07. found: 311.

Example OL-26b

Prepared from Example OL-26a according to the procedure described for Example OL-1c. This gave Example OL-26b (0.78 g, 97% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 11.71 (bs, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.11 (m, 4H), 6.48 (m, 4H), 5.17 (bs, 2H), 4.94 (bs, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL2): R_(t)=0.87 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₅H₁₅N₄: 251.12. found: 251.

Example OL-26

Prepared from Example OL-26b and Carbobenzyloxy-L-Proline according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-26 (73 mg, 73% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.16 (d, J=2.93 Hz, 2H), 7.78 (m, 4H), 7.67 (m, 4H), 7.38 (m, 4H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 7.24 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 7.12 (m, 4H), 5.09 (m, 3H), 4.96 (d, J=12.8, 1H), 4.39 (m, 2H), 3.49 (m, 4H), 2.27 (m, 2H), 1.93 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.82 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₁H₄₁N₆O₆: 713.30. found: 713.

Example OL-27

Prepared from Example OL-26b and (S)-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-27 (61 mg, 64% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.09 and 10.32 (2s, 2H), 7.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.65 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.26 (m, 12H), 4.45 (dd, J=8.2, 3.5 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (s, 4H), 3.61 (m, 4H), 2.15 (m, 2H), 1.92 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL): R_(t)=1.71 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₁H₄₁N₆O₄: 681.31. found: 681.

Example OL-28

Prepared from Example OL-26b and (2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-28 (69 mg, 69% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.12 and 10.37 (2s, 2H), 7.75 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.65 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.25 (m, 10H), 7.03 and 7.05 (2s, 1H), 5.26 (bs, 2H), 4.51 and 4.74 (2t, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 4.32 and 4.40 (2m, 2H), 3.69 (m, 4H), 3.15 (m, 4H), 2.15 (m, 2H), 1.97 (m, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.47 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₁H₄₁N₆O₆: 713.30. found: 713.

Example OL-29

Prepared from Example OL-26b and L-Acetyl-proline according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-29 (63 mg, 60% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.46 and 10.66 (2s, 2H), 8.18 and 8.19 (2d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 8.08 and 8.10 (2d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.47 and 7.48 (2s, 1H), 4.84 and 4.95 (2dd, J=8.5, 3.7 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (m, 2H), 3.96 (m, 1H), 3.88 (m, 1H), 2.57 (m, 2H), 2.35 (m, 4H), 2.28 and 2.41 (2m, 6H), 2.26 (m, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.24 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₉H₃₃N₆O₄: 529.25. found: 529.

Example OL-30

Example OL-30a

Prepared from Example OL-26b and L-Acetyl-proline and (S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This gave Example OL-30a (51 mg, 66% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.24 and 10.44 (2s, 2H), 9.19 (bs, 1H), 7.68 (m, 4H), 7.41 (m, 4H), 6.10 (dd, J=6.3, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 5.88 and 5.94 (2m, 2H), 5.09 and 5.27 (2dd, J=4.7, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (m, 3H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 1.41 and 1.27 (2s, 18H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.02 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₁N₆O₆: 641.30. found: 641.

Example OL-30b

Prepared from Example OL-30a according to the procedure described for Example D-47d. This afforded Example OL-30b (0.11 mg, 80% yield) as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.24 and 10.44 (2s, 2H), 9.19 (bs, 1H), 7.68 (m, 4H), 7.41 (m, 4H), 6.10 (dd, J=6.3, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 5.88 and 5.94 (2m, 2H), 5.09 and 5.27 (2dd, J=4.7, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (m, 3H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 3.30 (bs, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=0.84 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₅H₂₅N₆O₂: 441.20. found: 441.

Example OL-30

Acetyl chloride (27 μL, 0.51 g, 0.375 mmol) was added slowly to a solution of OL-30b (75 mg, 0.17 mmol) and triethylamine (71 μL, 0.51 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride (3 mL). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 0.5 h and poured into water. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate and the combined layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The remaining residue was purified by preparative HPLC on a C18-reverse phase column (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to afford the TFA salt of Example OL-30 (51 mg, 66% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.24 and 10.44 (2s, 2H), 9.19 (bs, 1H), 7.68 (m, 4H), 7.41 (m, 4H), 6.10 (dd, J=6.3, 1.7 Hz, 2H), 5.88 and 5.94 (2m, 2H), 5.09 and 5.27 (2dd, J=4.7, 2.3 Hz, 2H), 4.37 (m, 3H), 4.15 (m, 1H), 1.88 and 2.03 (2s, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.45 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₉H₂₉N₆O₄: 525.23. found: 525.

Example OL-31

Example OL-31a

Prepared from Example OL-26b and (S)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This gave Example OL-31a (0.43 g, 73%) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.16 (d, J=2.93 Hz, 2H), 8.08 (m, 4H), 7.67 (m, 4H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 4.39 (m, 2H), 3.49 (m, 4H), 2.27 (m, 2H), 1.93 (m, 6H), 1.41 and 1.27 (2s, 18H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.49 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₅N₆O₆: 645.33. found: 645.

Example OL-31b

Trifluoroacetic acid (2 mL) was added to a solution of OL-31a (0.43 g, 0.67 mmol) in anhydrous methylene chloride (20 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h. The solvent and excess trifluoroacetic acid were removed under reduced pressure and the resulting brown solid was free-based using UCT MCX cartridges (2.0 g) and methanol, to give Example OL-31b (026 g, 87%) as a brown solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.16 (sz, 2H), 8.08 (m, 4 H), 7.67 (m, 4H), 7.34 (m, 1H), 4.39 (m, 2H), 3.49 (m, 4H), 2.50 (bs, 2H), 2.24 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=0.77 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₅H₂₉N₆O₂: 445.23. found: 445.

Example OL-31

Prepared from Example OL-31b and isobutyryl chloride according to the procedure described for Example OL-30. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-31 (43 mg, 63% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.17 and 10.35 (2s, 2H), 9.23 (bs, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.40 (m, 4H), 4.40 and 4.58 (2dd, J=8.5, 3.9 Hz, 2H), 3.61 (m, 3H), 3.46 (m, 1H), 2.73 (qq, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (m, 2H), 2.01 (m, 2H), 1.88 (m, 4H), 1.02 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H), 1.00 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=2.27 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₄₁N₆O₄: 585.31. found: 585.

Example OL-32

Prepared from Example OL-31b and propionyl chloride according to the procedure described for Example OL-30. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-32 (33 mg, 44% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.17 and 10.34 (2s, 2H), 9.22 (bs, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.40 (m, 4H), 4.41/4.52 (dd, J=8.3, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 3.54 (m, 4H), 2.31 (q, J=7.5 Hz, 4H), 2.13 (m, 2H), 2.00 (m, 2H), 1.91 (m, 4H), 0.98 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.99 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₁H₃₇N₆O₄: 557.28. found: 557.

Example OL-33

Prepared from Example OL-31b and cyclobutanecarbonyl chloride according to the procedure described for Example OL-30. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-33 (47 mg, 57% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.20 and 10.30 (2s, 2H), 7.69 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 4H), 7.40 (m, 4H), 4.40 and 4.45 (2dd, J=8.4, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 3.45 (m, 5H), 3.31 (q, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 2.11 (m, 9H), 1.91 (m, 8H), 1.74 (m, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=2.44 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₁N₆O₄: 609.31. found: 609.

Example OL-34

Prepared from Example OL-31b and isonicotinoyl chloride according to the procedure described for Example OL-30. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-34 (36 mg, 41% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 9.97 and 10.35 (2s, 2H), 9.28 (bs, 1H), 8.72 (m, 3H), 8.56 (m, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 3 H), 7.52 (d, J=5.5 Hz, 3H), 7.41 (m, 4H), 7.35 (m, 2H), 4.40 and 4.61 (2dd, J=8.1, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (m, 1H), 3.51 (m, 3H), 2.30 (m, 2H), 1.97 (m, 4H), 1.88 (m, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.50 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₇H₃₅N₈O₄: 655.27. found: 655.

Example OL-35

Prepared from Example OL-31b and cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride according to the procedure described for Example OL-30. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-35 (29 mg, 37% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.19 and 10.33 (2s, 2H), 9.19 (bs, 1H), 7.67 (m, 4H), 7.39 (m, 4H), 4.42 and 4.73 (2dd, J=8.4, 3.8 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (m, 3H), 3.72 (m, 2H), 2.18 (m, 1H), 2.06 (m, 2H), 1.95 (m, 3H), 1.83 (m, 2H), 0.73 (m, 8H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=2.08 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₇N₆O₄: 581.28. found: 581.

Example OL-36

Prepared from Example OL-31b according to the procedure described for Example OL-30 using a 1:1 mixture of the corresponding acid chlorides. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-36 (25 mg, 30% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.06 and 10.21 (2s, 1H), 10.02 and 10.21 (2s, 2H), 7.77 (m, 4H), 7.66 (m, 4H), 7.25 (m, 5H), 7.04 (m, 1H), 4.46 and 4.67 (2dd, J=8.5, 3.7, 1 H), 4.42 and 4.52 (2dd, J=8.5, 3.4, 1 H), 3.73 (s, 2H), 3.66 (m, 1H), 3.61 (m, 2H), 3.53 (m, 1H), 3.43 (m, 1H), 2.15 (m, H H), 1.99 (m, 2H), 1.91 (m, 3H), 1.87 and 2.01 (2s, 3H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=2.67 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₇N₆O₄: 605.28. found: 605.

Example OL-37

Prepared from Example OL-30b and cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride according to the procedure described for Example OL-30. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-37 (44 mg, 56% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.27 and 10.40 (2s, 2H), 9.20 (bs, 1H), 7.67 (m, 4H), 7.40 (m, 4H), 6.14 (m, 2H), 5.90 and 5.98 (2m, 2H), 5.13 and 5.46 (2m, 2H), 4.53 (m, 3H), 4.22 (m, 1H), 2.49 (m, 1H), 1.83 (m, 1H), 0.76 (m, 7H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.18 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₃H₃₃N₆O₄: 577.25. found: 577.

Example OL-38

Prepared from Example OL-30b and cyclobutanecarbonyl chloride according to the procedure described for Example OL-30. This gave the TFA salt of Example OL-38 (52 mg, 63% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.29 and 10.39 (2s, 2H), 9.20 (bs, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.41 (m, 4H), 6.09 (m, 2H), 5.89 and 5.91 (2dd, J=6.3, 1.9, 2 H), 5.11 and 5.19 (2dd, J=4.6, 2.1 Hz, 2H), 4.24 (m, 4H), 3.34 (tt, J=8.2 Hz, 2H), 2.14 (m, 8H), 1.94 (m, 2H), 1.77 (m, 2H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.34 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₃₇N₆O₄: 605.28. found: 605.

Example OL-39

Prepared from Example OL-30b and 2-cyclopentylacetyl chloride according to the procedure described for Example OL-30. This afforded the TFA salt of Example OL-39 (26 mg, 29% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.26 and 10.41 (2s, 2H), 9.18 (bs, 1H), 7.67 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 4H), 7.41 (m, 4H), 6.09 (dd, J=6.4, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 5.89 (dd, J=6.4, 2.0, 1 H), 5.10 (m, 1H), 4.35 (m, 3H), 2.34 (m, 4H), 2.16 (m, 4H), 1.54 (m, 8H), 1.14 (m, 4H). LC/MS (Cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.64 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₉H₄₅N₆O₄: 661.34. found: 661.

Example OL-40

Et₃N (64 μL, 0.46 mmol) was added to a suspension of Example OL-31b, 3-chloroisoquinoline-1-carboxylic acid (Cap 145) (49 mg, 0.235 mmol), HOBT (32 mg, 0.235 mmol) and EDCI (45 mg, 0.235 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuo and the remaining residue was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (solvent system: H₂O, MeOH/TFA) and the TFA salt of Example OL-40 was isolated as a white solid (43 mg, 45% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8 ppm 10.44 and 9.64 (2s, 2H) 8.30 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 2H) 8.12-8.23 (m, 2H) 8.06 (t, J=9.31 Hz, 2H) 7.91 (t, J=7.48 Hz, 2H) 7.67-7.87 (m, 8H) 7.56 (d, J=8.24 Hz, 1H) 6.99-7.13 (m, 2H) 4.79 and 4.45 (m, 2H) 3.82 (br. s., 1H) 3.30-3.42 (m, 2H) 3.17-3.29 (m, 2H) 2.29-2.45 (m, 2H) 1.81-2.12 (m, 6H). LCMS (cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.87 min Anal.Calcd. for [M+H]⁺: C₄₅H₃₇Cl₂N₈O₄ 822.23. Found: 822.96; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₅H₃₇Cl₂N₈O₄ (M+H)⁺ 823.2315. Found: 823.2319.

Examples OL-41 to OL-42

Examples OL-41 to OL-42 were prepared from Example OL-31b and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example OL-40. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and the final products were isolated as TFA salts.

Example RCOOH Conditions OL-41

  Cap 151 LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₄₇H₄₁Cl₂N₈O₆ 883.25; Found: 683.43 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M − H)⁺ C₄₇H₃₉Cl₂N₈O₆: 881.2370; Found: 881.2401 R_(t) = 2.17 min (Cond. OL3) OL-42

  Cap 130 LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₄₅H₄₇N₈O₆ 795.36; Found: 795.78 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₅H₄₇N₈O₆: 765.3619; Found: 795.3604 R_(t) = 1.80 min (Cond. OL3)

Example OL-43

Example OL-43a

To a mixture of Example OL-26b (0.6 g, 2.4 mmol) and Boc-L-alanine (0.95 g, 5.04 mmol) in dichloromethane (75 ml) was added EEDQ (1.30 g, 5.28 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was triturated hexanes. The resulting brown solid was filtered and dried under vacuo. Example OL-43a (1.15 g, 81% yield) was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8 ppm 9.83-10.18 (m, 2H) 7.55-7.87 (m, 8H) 7.09 (br. s., 2H) 7.03 (s, 1H) 4.12 (qd, J=6.92, 6.71 Hz, 2H) 1.38 (s, 18H) 1.27 (d, J=7.02 Hz, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=1.94 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₁H₄₁N₆O₆: 593.31. found: 593.

Example OL-43b

To a solution of Example OL-43a (1.15 g, 1.94 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) was added 4N HCl in dioxane (10 ml). The reaction mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 4 h before it was concentrated under vacuo. The residue was triturated with ether (100 ml), filtered and dried in vacuo to afford Example OL-43b as an orange solid (0.97 g, quant.) which was used without further purification. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8 ppm 10.92 (s, 2H) 8.35 (d, J=4.58 Hz, 6H) 7.81 (d, 4H) 7.72 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 4H) 7.08 (s, 1H) 4.04-4.15 (m, 2H) 3.55 (s, 1H) 1.48 (d, J=7.02 Hz, 6H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=0.95 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₁H₂₅N₆O₂: 393.20. found: 393.08.

Example OL-43

DIEA (63 μL, 0.38 mmol) was added to a suspension of Example OL-43b (50 mg, 0.1 mmol), S-mandelic acid (30.4 mg, 0.2 mmol), HOBT (27 mg, 0.2 mmol) and EDCI (38 mg, 0.2 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) and the resulting solution was stirred at ambient temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuo and the remaining residue was purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (solvent system: H₂O, MeOH/TFA) and the TFA salt of Example OL-43 was isolated as a yellowish solid (42 mg, 54% yield) ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8 ppm 10.13 (br. s., 2H) 8.10 (d, J=7.63 Hz, 2H) 7.76 (d, J=8.24 Hz, 4H) 7.65 (d, J=8.55 Hz, 4H) 7.42 (d, J=7.63 Hz, 4H) 7.33 (t, J=7.48 Hz, 4H) 7.24-7.29 (m, 2H) 7.05 (s, 1 H) 4.97 (s, 2H) 4.44-4.53 (m, 2H) 1.33 (d, J=7.02 Hz, 6H). LCMS (cond. OL3): R_(t)=1.81 min Anal.Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₇H₃₇N₆O₆: 661.27. Found: 661.22; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₃₇H₃₅N₆O₆ (M−H)⁺659.2618. Found: 659.2642.

Examples OL-44 to OL-48

Examples OL-44 to OL-48 were prepared from Example OL-43b and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example OL-43. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and the final products were isolated as TFA salts.

Example RCOOH Conditions OL-44

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₃₇H₃₇N₆O₆ 661.27; Found: 661.22; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₃₇H₃₇N₆O₆: 661.2775; Found: 661.2755 R_(t) = 1.75 min (Cond. OL3) OL-45

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₃₉H₄₁N₆O₆ 689.31; Found: 689.26; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₃₉H₄₁N₆O₆: 689.3088; Found: 689.3084 R_(t) = 1.95 min (Cond. OL3) OL-46

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₃₉H₄₁N₆O₆ 689.31; Found: 689.39; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M − H)⁻C₃₉H₃₉N₆O₆: 687.2931; Found: 687.2947 R_(t) = 1.85 min (Cond. OL3) OL-47

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₄₃H₃₅Cl₂N₆O₄ 769.21; Found: 769.14 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₃H₃₅Cl₂N₆O₄: 769.2097; Found: 769.2096 R_(t) = 2.17 min (Cond. OL3) OL-48

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₄₁H₃₃Cl₂N₈O₄ 771.20; Found: 771.15; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₁H₃₃Cl₂N₈O₄: 771.2002; Found: 771.1977 R_(t) = 2.19 min (Cond. OL3)

Example OL-49

To a mixture of Example OL-31b (62 mg, 0.25 mmol) and (2S,4R)-1-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-4-tert-butoxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (0.175 g, 0.54 mmol) in dichloromethane (5 ml) was added EEDQ (0.141 g, 0.57 mmol). The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue purified by flash chromatography eluting with 30% to 50% EtOAc/hexanes, obtaining Example OL-49 as an off-white solid (0.126 g, 60%). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8 ppm 13.19 (br. s., 1H) 10.24 (d, J=2.44 Hz, 1H) 10.16 (d, J=8.85 Hz, 1H) 7.59-7.85 (m, 8H) 7.30-7.43 (m, 5H) 6.98-7.25 (m, 6H) 5.02-5.16 (m, 3H) 4.96 (d, J=13.12 Hz, 1H) 4.33-4.53 (m, 4H) 3.65 (td, J=10.91, 5.34 Hz, 2H) 2.00-2.24 (m, 4H) 1.17 (s, 9H) 1.15 (s, 9H). LC/MS (Cond. OL1): R_(t)=2.25 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₉H₅₆N₆O₈: 857.42. found: 857.38.

Examples OL-50 to OL-53

Examples OL-50 to OL-53 were prepared from Example JR-D-1d and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example JR-D-1. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and the final products were isolated as TFA salts. The coupling partner (ROH) was obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

Example RCOOH Conditions OL-50

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₃₇H₃₂F₂N₇O₅ 692.24; Found: 692.20; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₃₇H₃₂F₂N₇O₅: 692.2433; Found: 692.2402 R_(t) = 1.83 min (Cond. OL3) OL-51

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₄₅H₄₉N₇O₅ 768.39; Found: 768.35; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₅H₄₉N₇O₅: 768.3873; Found: 768.3889; R_(t) = 1.43 min (Cond. OL3) OL-52

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₄₇H₄₀Cl₂N₇O₇ 884.24; Found: 884.42; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M − H)⁻ C₄₇H₃₈Cl₂N₇O₇: 882.2210; Found: 882.2207 R_(t) = 1.85 min (Cond. OL3) OL-53

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₄₅H₄₆N₇O₇ 766.34; Found: 796.75; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₅H₄₆N₇O₇: 796.3459; Found: 796.3481; R_(t) = 2.17 min (Cond. OL3)

Examples OL-54 to OL-57

Examples OL-54 to OL-57 were prepared following the procedures for the preparation of Examples OL-43 to OL-48 but using Example JR-D-1d as starting material. The following final products were prepared using the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example OL-43. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA).

Example RCOOH Conditions OL-54

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₃₇H₃₆N₅O₇ 662.26; Found: 662.70; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₃₇H₃₆N₅O₇: 662.2615; Found: 662.2616; R_(t) = 1.90 min (Cond. OL3) OL-55

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₃₇H₃₆N₅O₇ 662.26; Found: 662.70; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₃₇H₃₆N₅O₇: 662.2615; Found: 662.2616; R_(t) = 1.85 min (Cond. OL3) OL-56

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₃₉H₄₀N₅O₇ 690.29; Found: 690.07; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₃₉H₄₀N₅O₇: 690.2928; Found: 690.2939; R_(t) = 2.00 min (Cond. OL3) OL-57

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₃₉H₄₀N₅O₇ 690.29; Found: 690.48; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₃₉H₄₀N₅O₇: 690.2928; Found: 690.2897; R_(t) = 1.97 min (Cond. OL3)

Examples OL-58 to OL-60

Examples OL-58 to OL-60 were prepared following the procedures for the preparation of Examples OL-50 to OL-53 replacing Boc-(L)-proline for (2S,4R)-1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-methoxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid as starting material. The following final products were prepared using the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example OL-43. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and Example OL-59 was isolated as a TFA salt.

Example RCOOH Conditions OL-58

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₄₃H₄₄N₅O₉ 774.31; Found: 774.31; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₃H₄₄N₅O₉: 774.3139; Found: 774.3101; R_(t) = 1.77 min (Cond. OL3) OL-59

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₄₇H₅₄N₇O₇ 828.41; Found: 828.47; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₇H₅₄N₇O₇: 828.4085; Found: 828.4075; R_(t) = 1.34 min (Cond. OL3) OL-60

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺: C₄₇H₅₀N₇O₉ 856.37; Found: 856.42; HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₇H₅₀N₇O₉: 856.3670; Found: 856.3649; R_(t) = 1.83 min (Cond. OL3)

Example OL-61

Example OL61-a

Prepared from Example MS-1b and 1-Boc-Proline according to the procedure described for Example MS-1c. This afforded Example OL61-a (530 mg) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8 ppm 10.21 (1H, bs), 8.36-8.42 (2H, m), 8.28-8.33 (2H, m), 7.81-7.91 (3H, m), 7.73-7.79 (2H, m), 4.17-4.30 (1H, m), 3.39-3.46 (1H, m), 3.33-3.38 (1H, m), 2.13-2.26 (1H, m), 1.75-1.97 (3H, m), 1.25-1.44 (9H, m). LC (Cond.-OL4): R_(t)=2.14 min; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₅H₂₇N₄O₆: 479.19. found: Molecule does not ionize well.

Example OL61-b

A cold (0° C.) solution of 4N HCl in dioxane (5 mL) was added to Example OL-61a (478 mg, 1.88 mmol) dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL). The mixture was stirred rapidly at 0° C. for 0.5 h before it was allowed to warm up to room temperature. After 15 h at room temperature, the mixture was triturated with Et₂O, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the HCl salt of Example OL-61b (780 mg, 97%) as an orange solid ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8 ppm 10.88 (1H, br. s.), 8.38-8.43 (2H, m), 8.31-8.35 (2H, m), 7.87-7.96 (3H, m), 7.79 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 4.56 (1H, t, J=5.6 Hz), 4.31-4.41 (1H, m), 3.49 (2H, q, J=5.2 Hz), 3.39-3.44 (3H, m), 2.36-2.45 (1H, m), 1.91-2.05 (3H, m). LC (Cond.-OL4): R_(t)=1.56 min; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₀H₁₉N₄O₄: 379.14. found: Molecule does not ionize well.

Example OL61-c

Prepared from Example OL-61b and Cap-15, according to the procedure described for Example D-57. This afforded Example OL61-c (597 mg) as a yellow solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8 ppm 9.75-10.60 (1H, m), 8.36-8.44 (2H, m), 8.27-8.35 (2H, m), 8.04-8.12 (1H, m), 7.90 (2H, dd, J=6.6, 1.4 Hz), 7.81-7.87 (2H, m), 7.55-7.77 (2H, m), 7.17-7.39 (1H, m), 4.42-4.83 (1H, m), 3.87-4.08 (3H, m), 3.18-3.27 (1H, m), 2.29-2.45 (1H, m), 2.00-2.10 (1H, m), 1.84-1.97 (2H, m). LC (Cond.-OL1): R_(t)=2.01 min; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M]⁺ C₃₁H₂₄ClN₅O₆: 597.14. found: 597.78.

Example OL61-d

Prepared from Example OL-61c according to the procedure described for Example MS1-d. This afforded Example OL61-d (568 mg) as an off-white solid. LC (Cond.-J1): R_(t)=2.14 min; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₁H₂₇ClN₅O₄: 568.18. found: 568.53. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₁H₂₇ClN₅O₄: 568.11752. found: 568.1754.

Example OL61

Prepared from Example OL61-d, L-Boc Proline and Cap 1, according to the procedure described for Example MS-7. This afforded Example OL61 (15 mg) as a pale yellow solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8 ppm 10.53 (2H, br. s.), 10.27 (1 H, br. s.), 7.99-8.13 (4H, m), 7.69-7.88 (10H, m), 7.54-7.64 (7H, m), 7.35 (1H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 7.14-7.24 (1H, m), 5.54 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 4.77 (1H, dd, J=8.5, 4.6 Hz), 4.42-4.52 (1H, m), 3.94 (1H, br. s.), 3.87-3.91 (1H, m), 3.71-3.84 (1H, m), 3.27-3.36 (1H, m), 3.18-3.26 (2H, m), 2.95 (3H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 2.45 (3H, d, J=4.3 Hz), 2.35-2.42 (1H, m), 2.15-2.23 (1H, m), 1.84-2.07 (8H, m). LC (Cond.-IV): R_(t)=2.14 min; LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₆H₄₄N₇O₆: 826.32. found: 826.78. HRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₆H₄₄N₇O₆: 826.3120. found: 826.3116.

Example CB-1

Example CB-1a

A solution of Di-t-butyl dicarbonate (1.35 g, 6.2 mmol) in CH₃CN (2 mL) was added slowly to a suspension of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (24.4 mg, 0.2 mmol) and (1S,3S,55)-tert-butyl 3-carbamoyl-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate (425 mg, 2 mmol) in CH₃CN (8 mL). The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 5 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was taken up un EtOAc (10 mL) and washed with water (2×10 mL) and brine (10 ml), dried (MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography, eluting with EtOAc/hexanes (10 to 60%), to give Example CB-1a as a clear oil (2.46 g, 65% yield). ¹HNMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) (mixture of rotamers) δ 5.38 (2 dd, J=11.7, 3.6 Hz, 1H), 3.56 (m, 1H), 2.71 (m, 1H), 2.04 (m, 1H), 1.53 (m, 27H); 1.07 and 0.92 (2m, 1H); 0.71 and 0.63 (2m, 1H); LC/MS (Cond. CB1): R_(t)=2.31 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₁H₃₅N₂O₇: 427.24. found: 427.

Example CB-1b

A 0.5M aqueous solution of NaOH (0.5 mL, 0.25 mmol) was added to a solution of CB-1a (100 mg, 0.23 mmol) in THF (1.5 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to remove and the remaining aqueous phase was diluted with water (1 mL) and EtOAc (1 mL). The organic phase was discarded and the remaining aqueous phase was acidified with 1N HCl to pH=3 and extracted with EtOAc (3×2 mL). The organic layers were combined, dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated to give Example CB-1b as a clear oil (52.2 mg, quantitative). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) (mixture of rotamers) δ 4.65 (m, 1H), 3.56 (m, 1H), 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.39 (m, 1H), 1.55 (m, 9H); 0.75-0.89 (m, 1H); LCMS (Cond. CB1) R_(t)=1.33 min, Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₁H₁₅NO₄; 228.12. found: 228.

Example CB-1c

EEDQ (178 mg, 0.72 mmol) and CB-1b (143 mg, 0.63 mmol) were added to a suspension of JR-D-1b (75.3 mg, 0.3 mmol) in dry CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the crude mixture was purified on a reverse phase preparative C-18 column: CB-1c was isolated as a white solid (188 mg, 93% yield). LCMS (Cond. CB1)R_(t)=2.00 min, Anal. Calc. for C₃₂H₄₄N₅O₇. [M+H]⁺670.32. found: 670.

Example CB-1

TFA (1 mL) was added to a solution of CB-1c (100 mg, 0.15 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ and the resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 h. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the remaining residue was taken up in DMF (4 mL) and charged with Cap 130 (58 mg, 0.3 mmol), HATU (34.8 mg, 0.3 mmol) and DIEA (0.156 mL, 0.90 mmol). The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 16 h. and purified by reverse phase preparative HPLC (solvent system: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/CH₃CN/TFA) and Example CB1 was obtained as a white TFA salt solid (19.2 mg, 31% yield; ¹HNMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) (mixture of rotamers) δ 10.36, 10.25 and 10.13 (3 s, 2H), 8.63 and 8.55 (2 d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (m, 1H); 7.81-7.69 (m, 6H), 7.49-7.30 (m, 9H), 6.01 and 5.92 (2 d, J=6.1, 2 H); 4.57 (m, 2H); 3.71-3.43 (m, 5H), 2.55 (m 2H), 1.83 (m, 8H), 1.62 (m, 2H), 1.17 (m, 1H), 0.92-0.70 (m, 2H), 0.42 (m, 1H); LCMS (Cond. CB1)R_(t)=1.68 min, Anal. Calc. for C₄₇H₄₅N₇O₇. [M+H]⁺819.34. found: 819.

Examples CB-2 to CB-10

Examples CB-2 to CB-10 were prepared from Example CB-1c and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example CB-1. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and the final products were isolated as TFA salts. The coupling partner (ROH) was obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

Example ROH Analyis CB-2 

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₇H₃₈N₇O₅ 780.29; Found: 780. R_(t) = 1.86 min Cond. CB1 CB-3 

  Cap 145 LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₇H₃₆Cl₂N₇O₅ 848.22; Found: 848. R_(t) = 2.23 min Cond. CB1 CB-4 

  Cap 151 LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₉H₄₀Cl₂N₇O₇ 908.24; Found: 908.2 R_(t) = 2.35 min Cond. CB1 CB-5 

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₃H₄₀N₅O₇ 738.29; Found: 738. R_(t) = 1.81 min Cond. CB1 CB-6 

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₃H₄₀N₅O₇ 738.29; Found: 738. R_(t) = 1.79 min Cond. CB1 CB-7 

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₇H₄₀N₅O₇ 666.29; Found: 666. R_(t) = 1.53 min Cond. CB1 CB-8 

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₅H₄₄N₅O₇ 766.32; Found: 766. R_(t) = 1.98 min Cond. CB1 CB-9 

  Cap 1 LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₇H₅₀N₇O₅ 792.39; Found: 792. R_(t) = 2.17 min Cond. CB1 CB-10

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₅H₄₄N₅O₇ 766.32; Found: 766. R_(t) = 2.01 min Cond. CB1

Example JG-1

Example JG-1a

A mixture of conc. HNO₃ (8 mL) and conc. H₂SO₄ (20 mL) was added with stirring to a solution of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (20 g, 0.09 mol) in 20 mL conc. H₂SO₄ cooled to 0° C. in an ice/water bath. After addition the mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C. for 2 hours and then poured over crushed ice. The precipitated solid was filtered off, washed with water, and crystallized from ethanol to afford JG-1a as a yellow solid (17.02 g, 0.055 mol, 61% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 8.40 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 4H), 8.36 (m, 2H), 8.29 (s, 1H), 8.18 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 2H); LCMS (Cond. JG1): R_(t)=2.41, Anal. Calc. for C₁₅H₁₀N₃O₅ [M+H]⁺312.06. found: 312.

Example JG-1b

JG-1a (9 g, 0.029 mol) was suspended in 110 mL of a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate/methanol. The suspension was placed under a hydrogen atmosphere (1 atm) in the presence of 1 g of 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon and stirred for 4 hours. HPLC indicates reaction completion. Reaction diluted with 50 mL of methanol and filtered through a bed of celite. The filter cake was washed with 100 mL methanol. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residual solid was crystallized from methanol to afford JG-1b as light brown needles (5.2 g, 71% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆+D₂O, 300 MHz) δ 7.72 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 6.83 (d, 8.05 Hz, 2H), 6.69 (d, 8.05 Hz, 2H); LCMS (Cond. JG1)R_(t)=0.87 min, Anal. Calc. for C₁₅H₁₄N₃O. [M+H]⁺ 252.11. found: 252.

Example JG-1

EEDQ (0.085 g, 0.35 mmol) and carbobenzyloxy-L-Proline (0.082 g, 0.33 mmol) were added to a suspension of JG-1b (0.038 g, 0.15 mmol) in 2 mL dry CH₂Cl₂. The reaction stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the crude mixture was purified on a reverse phase preparative C-18 column: JG-1 was isolated as a white solid (0.015 g, 26% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 10.22 (1s, 1H) 10.07 (1s, 1H), 7.66-7.83, (2m, 2H), 7.55 (dd, J=8.9 Hz×2, 2H), 7.49-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.31-7.38 (m, 7H), 7.08-7.21 (2m, 5H), 5.04-5.11 (m, 4H), 4.36 (m, 2H), 4.03-4.09 (m, 2H), 3.46 (m, 2H), 2.25 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.94 (m, 6H); LCMS (Cond. JG1)R_(t)=2.66 min, Anal. Calc. for C₄₁H₄₀N₅O₂. [M+H]⁺ 714.29. found: 714.

Examples JG-2 to JG-6

Examples JG-2 to JG-6 were prepared from Example JG-1b and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example JG-1. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA. The coupling partner (ROH) was obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

JG-2

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₉N₅O₇ 713.8; Found: 714 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 1.09 min Cond. JG1 JG-3

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₉N₅O₅ 681.8; Found: 682 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.55 min Cond. JG1 JG-4

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₄₃N₅O₇ 717.83; Found: 718 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.53 min Cond. JG1 JG-5

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₄₃N₅O₇ 717.83; Found: 718 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.49 min Cond. JG1 JG-6

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄H₄₃N₅O₅ 709.85; Found: 710 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.83 min Cond. JG1

Example JG-7

Example JG-7a

EEDQ (2.14 g, 8.6 mmol) and tBoc-L-Proline (1.77 g, 8.3 mmol) were added to a suspension of JG-1b (0.9 g, 3.6 mmol) in 14 mL dry CH₂Cl₂. The reaction stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. The solution volume was reduced to 3 mL under reduced pressure and pentane was added to the resulting concentrate in order to precipitate solid. Solid was collected by vacuum filtration and dried under vacuum to yield JG-7a as a tan solid, 1.21 g (52% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 10.26 (s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 8.02 (m, 2H), 7.65-7.80 (m, 7H), 4.22 (m, 2H), 2.21 (m, 2H), 1.89 (m, 6H), 1.40+1.27 (2s, 18H); LCMS (Cond. JG1)R_(t)=2.61 min, Anal. Calc. for C₃₅H₄₄N₅O₂. [M+H]⁺646.3. found: 646.

Example JG-7b

To a solution of JG-7a (0.6 g, 0.90 mmol) in 2 mL CH₂Cl₂ was added 8 mL of a 1:1 solution of trifluoroacetic acid and CH₂Cl₂. After stirring at room temperature for 4 hours, solvents were removed in vacuo leaving a red oil. Pentane was added to the residue and once again placed under vacuum to remove solvent. Residual oil was pumped dry and JG-7b is obtained as a crunchy brown solid (0.68 g) which is of sufficient purity for use in subsequent reactions. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) δ 10.86 (s, 1H), 10.77 (s, 1H), 9.48 (br s, 2H), 8.08 (t, J=7.9 Hz×2, 2H), 7.73-7.84 (m, 7H) 4.16-4.38 (m, 2H), 4.31 (m, 4H), 2.40 (m, 2H), 2.05-1.93 (m, 6H); LCMS (Cond. JG1)R_(t)=2.61 min, Anal. Calc. for C₂₅H₂₈N₅O₃. [M+H]⁺446.5. found: 446.

Example JG-7

Triethylamine (0.125 mL, 0.9 mmol) and cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (0.034 mL, 0.4 mmol) were added to a solution of 0.1 g JG-7b in 1 mL dry CH₂Cl₂. The mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 1 hour and monitored by HPLC. The reaction was diluted with 5 mL CH₂Cl₂ and washed with water, and brine. The organic layer was dried over MgSO₄ and evaporated to dryness. Crude material was purified on a reverse phase preparative C-18 column: JG-7 was isolated as a yellow solid (0.017 g, 20% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 10.29 (s, 1H), 10.17 (s, 1H), 8.00 (m, 2H), 7.68-7.90 (m, 7H), 4.74-4.44 (m, 2H), 2.21 (m, 2H), 3.48-3.79 (2m, 4H), 2.16 (m, 2H) 1.84-2.05 (3m, 8H) 0.66-0.76 (m, 8H); LCMS (Cond. JG2)R_(t)=2.75 min, Anal. Calc. for C₃₃H₃₆N₅O₅; [M+H]⁺ 582.6. found: 582.

Examples JG-8 to JG-10

Examples JG-8 to JG-10 were prepared from Example JG-7b and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example JG-7. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA. The coupling partner (ROH) was obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

JG-8 

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₃₁H₃₅N₅O₅ 557.6; Found: 558 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.65 min Cond. JG2 JG-9 

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₃₅H₃₉N₅O₅ 609.7; Found: 610 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 3.04 min Cond. JG2 JG-10

  · 2TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₃₇H₃₃N₇O₅ 655.7; Found: 656 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.12 min Cond. JG2 JG-11

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₂₉H₃₁N₅O₅ 529.6; Found: 530 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.03 min Cond. JG2

The following examples were synthesized by parallel synthesis performing each step in 21 mL scintillation vials without purification until the third and final step.

Example JG-12

EEDQ (0.061 g, 0.25 mmol) and Fmoc-Val-OH (0.084 g, 0.25 mmol) were added to a solution of JG-1b (0.025 g, 0.099 mmol) in 3 mL dry CH₂Cl₂ in a 21 mL scintillation vial. The reaction stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Piperidine (0.25 mL) was added to the vial and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for an additional 6 hours. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the resulting residue was re-dissolved in 3 ml dry CH₂Cl₂. Triethylamine (0.050 mL, 0.30 mmol) and phenacetyl chloride (0.039 mL, 0.30 mmol) were added to the vial and stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. Solvents were removed in vacuo and the crude mixture was purified on a reverse phase preparative C-18 column: JG-12 was isolated as a white solid (0.0038 g, 5.6% yield). LCMS (Cond. JG1) R_(t)=2.76 min, Anal. Calc. for C₄₁H₄₅N₅O₅; [M+H]⁺ 686.8. found: 686.

Examples JG-13 to JG-18

Examples JG-13 to JG-18 were prepared from Example JG-1b and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example JG-12. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA. The coupling partner (ROH) was obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

JG-13

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₄₃N₅O₅S₂ 749.9; Found: 750.2 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.71 min Cond. JG1 JG-14

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₃₉H₃₉N₅O₅S₂ 721.9; Found: 722 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.65 min Cond. JG1 JG-15

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₄₃N₅O₇ 717.83; Found: 718 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 3.89 min Cond. JG3 JG-16

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₅H₅₁N₅O₇ 773.9; Found: 775 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 3.15 min Cond. JG3 JG-17

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₄₇N₅O₅ 713.88; Found: 714 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 3.02 min Cond. JG1 JG-18

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₃₉H₃₅N₅O₅ 653.74; Found: 654 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.66 min Cond. JG1

Example JG-19

HATU (48 mg, 0.128 mmol)) was added in one portion to a stirred solution of JG-7b (30 mg, 0.058 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (0.045 ml, 0.350 mmol) and (S)-(+)-methoxyphenyl acetic acid (21 mg, 0.128 mmol) in anhydrous dimethylformamide (1.5 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 16 h. Solvents were removed in vacuo and residue was purified by preparatory HPLC on C₁₈— reverse phase to afford JG-19 as a yellow solid, 12.8 mg (30% yield). LRMS: Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₄N₅O_(7:) 742.8. found 742.5.

Examples JG-20 to JG-30

Examples JG-20 to JG-30 were prepared from Example JG-7b and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example JG-19. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA. The coupling partner (ROH) was obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

JG- 20

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₉N₅O₇ 713.8; Found: 714.2 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.02 min Cond. JG1 JG- 21

HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₅H₄₄N₅O₉ 798.3139; Found: 798.3173 (M + H)⁺. JG- 22

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₄₃N₅O₇ 741.8; Found: 742.3 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.60 min Cond. JG1 JG- 23

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₉N₅O₇ 713.8; Found: 714.2 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 1.99 min Cond. JG1 JG- 24

HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₅H₄₄N₅O₉ 798.3139; Found: 798.3114 (M + H)⁺. JG- 25

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₄₃N₅O₇ 741.9; Found: 742.4 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.37 min Cond. JG1 JG- 26

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₇Cl₂N₅O₇ 782.6; Found: 783.3 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.42 min Cond. JG1 JG- 27

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₅N₅O₇ 709.7; Found: 710.2 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.90 min Cond. JG1 JG- 28

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₃₅N₅O₇ 733.8; Found: 734.2 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.95 min Cond. JG1 JG- 29

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₃N₇O₅S₂ 767.9; Found: 768.3 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.45 min Cond. JG4 JG- 30

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₃N₇O₇ 735.7; Found: 736.2 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 1.82 min Cond. JG4

Example JG-31

HATU (45 mg, 0.119 mmol)) was added in one portion to a stirred solution of OL-31b (30 mg, 0.054 mmol), diisopropylethylamine (0.060 ml, 0.324 mmol) and benzoyl formic acid (18 mg, 0.119 mmol) in anhydrous dimethylformamide (1.5 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred for 16 h. Solvents were removed in vacuo and residue was purified by preparatory HPLC on C₁₈— reverse phase to afford JG-31 as a trifluoroacetic acid salt, 11.3 mg (25% yield). ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8 ppm 10.40 (2H, br. s.), 8.06 (1H, s), 8.05 (2H, d, J=1.2 Hz), 7.87-7.94 (1H, m), 7.76-7.85 (4H, m), 7.70-7.75 (3H, m), 7.63-7.69 (4H, m), 7.53 (1 H, t, J=7.8 Hz), 7.36 (1H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.09 (1H, s), 4.58-4.71 (2H, m), 3.69 (2H, br. s.), 3.35-3.55 (4H, m), 2.28-2.48 (2H, m), 1.87-1.98 (6H, m); LCMS (Cond. JG4)R_(t)=2.20 min, Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₁H₃₇N₆O₆:709.8. found 709.3.

Examples JG-32 to JG-41

Examples JG-32 to JG-41 were prepared from Example OL31b and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example JG-31. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and the final products were isolated as the TFA salts. The coupling partner (ROH) was obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

JG-32

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₉N₅O₇ 712.8; Found: 713.2 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 1.84 min Cond. JG1 JG-33

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₉N₅O₇ 712.8; Found: 713.3 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 1.86 min Cond. JG1 JG-34

  TFA HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₅H₄₅N₆O₈ 797.3294; Found: 797.3286 (M + H)⁺. JG-35

  TFA HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₅H₄₅N₆O₈ 797.3294; Found: 797.3276 (M + H)⁺. JG-36

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₈Cl₂N₆O₆ 781.7; Found: 782.4 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 1.97 min Cond. JG4 JG-37

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₄₄N₆O₆ 740.8; Found: 741.2 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 1.94 min Cond. JG4 JG-38

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₄₄N₆O₆ 740.8; Found: 741.3 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 1.96 min Cond. JG4 JG-39

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₄₄N₆O₆ 740.8; Found: 741.2 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.11 min Cond. JG4 JG-40

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₃₆N₆O₆ 732.8; Found: 733.5 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.09 min Cond. JG4 JG-41

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₃₄N₈O₄S₂ 766.9; Found: 767.8 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.24 min Cond. JG4

Example JG-42

Prepared according to the procedure described for Example JG-31. This afforded Example JG-42 as a trifluoroacetic acid salt, 8.7 mg (29% yield). ¹H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d₆) 8 ppm 10.53 (2H, s), 9.27 (1H, br. s.), 8.03 (2H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.89 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 7.70-7.81 (5H, m), 7.63 (4H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.35-7.56 (6H, m), 7.23-7.34 (1H, m), 4.64 (2H, d, J=4.0 Hz), 3.68 (2H, br. s.), 3.33-3.55 (4H, m), 2.21-2.43 (2H, m), 1.81-2.11 (6H, m); LCMS (Cond. JG3)R_(t)=2.76 min, Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₁H₃₇N₆O₆:709.8. found 709.4.

Examples JG-43 to JG-52

Examples JG-43 to JG-52 were prepared from Example JG-31 and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example JG-42. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and the final products were isolated as TFA salts. The coupling partner (ROH) was obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

JG-43

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₄₀N₆O₆ 712.8; Found:713.3 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.45 min Cond. JG3 JG-44

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₁H₄₀N₆O₆ 712.8; Found:713.4 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.49 min Cond. JG3 JG-45

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₄₄N₆O₆ 740.8; Found:741.5 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.69 min Cond. JG3 JG-46

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₄₄N₆O₆ 740.8; Found:741.4 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.95 min Cond. JG3 JG-47

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₄₄N₆O₆ 740.8; Found:741.4 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.84 min Cond. JG3 JG-48

  · 3TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₅H₃₈N₈O₄ 754.8; Found:755.5 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 1.98 min Cond. JG4 JG-49

  · 3TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₅H₃₆Cl₂N₈O₄ 823.7; Found:824.9 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.39 min Cond. JG3 JG-50

  · 3TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₇H₄₀Cl₂N₈O₆ 883.8; Found:884.5 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 3.36 min Cond. JG3 JG-51

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₃₆N₆O₆ 732.8; Found:733.4 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.81 min Cond. JG3 JG-52

  TFA LCMS: Anal. Calcd. for: C₄₃H₃₆N₆O₆ 732.8; Found:733.4 (M + H)⁺. R_(t) = 2.67 min Cond. JG3

Example JG-53

Example JG-53a

Sec-butyllithium (107 mL, 150 mmol) was added drop-wise to a solution of furan (4.4 mL, 60 mmol) and tetramethylethylenediamine (22.60 mL, 150 mmol) in 150 mL hexanes at 0° C. After 1 hour, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for four hours. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and trimethyltin chloride (32.3 g, 162 mmol) in 50 mL hexanes was added drop-wise. The mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred overnight (17 hours). Saturated ammonium chloride (150 mL) was added and the layers separated. Organic phase was washed with aqueous copper sulfate, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure to give Example JG-53a as a orange oil. The material was used for the next step without further purification. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) ppm 6.65 (s, 2H), 0.30 (s, 18H).

Example JG-53b

Example JG-53a (2.00 g, 5.10 mmol) was added to a suspension of Pd(PPh₃)₂Cl₂ (0.033 g, 0.180 mmol), and 4-nitrobenzene (2.60 g, 10.5 mmol) in 75 mL THF and heated at reflux temperature for 20 hours. Upon cooling, an orange solid precipitated. The suspension was diluted with 100 mL hexanes and the solid was collected by vacuum filtration. The collected solid was washed three times with hexanes and dried. Example JG-53b was isolated as an orange solid (1.28 g, 81%). ¹H NMR (DMSO-_(d6), 300 MHz) 8 ppm 8.33 (4H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 8.15 (4H, d, J=8.8 Hz), 7.56 (2H, s); LRMS, Anal. Calc. for C₁₆H₁₀N₂O₅ [M+H]⁺311.20. found: 311.

Example JG-53c

Example JG-53b (1.20 g. 3.90 mmol) was suspended in 200 mL of a 1:1 mixture of ethyl acetate/methanol. The suspension was placed under a hydrogen atmosphere (1 atm) in the presence of 0.10 g of 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon and stirred for 4 hours. HPLC indicated the reaction was completed, so the mixture was diluted with 50 mL of methanol and filtered through a bed of celite. The filter cake was washed with 100 mL methanol and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residual solid corresponding to Example JG-53c was collected as light brown needles (0.75 g, 77% yield). ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz) δ 7.37 (m, 8H), 6.94 (s, 2H); LRMS Anal. Calc. for C₁₆H₁₄N₂O [M+H]⁺251.20. found: 251.

Example JG-53d

EEDQ (1.47 g, 5.96 mmol) and Boc-L-Proline (1.28 g, 5.96 mmol) were added to a suspension of Example JG-53c (0.71 g, 2.84 mmol) in 15 mL dry CH₂Cl₂. The reaction stirred at room temperature for 16 hours. The reaction was concentrated to 5 mL in vacuo. Pentane was added to precipitate a white solid, which was collected by vacuum filtration. Example JG-53d was isolated as a white solid (1.42 g, 77% yield). The material was used for the next step without further purification. LRMS: Anal. Calc. for C₃₆H₄₄N₄O₇; [M+H]⁺645.50. found: 645.

Example JG-53e

4.0M HCl in dioxane (2.20 mL, 8.68 mmol) was added to a suspension of Example JG-53d (1.40, 2.17 mmol) in 4.0 mL of dioxane and stirred for 4 hours. The volatile component was removed in vacuo and the HCl salt of Example JG-53e was isolated as a tan solid (1.12 g, 98% yield). Material was used for next steps without further purification. ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 300 MHz 8 ppm 10.99 (2H, s), 9.88 (2H, br. s.), 8.69 (2H, br. s.), 7.77-7.85 (4H, m), 7.67-7.76 (4H, m), 7.00 (2H, s), 4.39 (2H, d, J=6.6 Hz), 3.27 (4H, br. s.), 2.35-2.47 (2H, m), 1.86-2.06 (6H, m) LRMS Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₆H₂₈N₄O₃: 445.22. found 445.

Example JG-53

HATU (30.0 mg, 0.086 mmol) was added to a mixture of Example JG-53e (20.0 mg, 0.039 mmol), (R)-2-phenylpropanoic acid (18.0 mg, 0.078 mmol) and DIEA (41 μL, 0.23 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL), and the mixture was stirred for 3 h. The volatile component was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified by reverse phase HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to afford the Example JG-53 as an off-white solid (10.1 mg) ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) 8 ppm 10.14 (2H, s), 7.73-7.83 (4H, m), 7.66-7.73 (4H, m), 7.29-7.39 (7H, m), 7.26 (3H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 6.97 (2H, s), 4.41 (2H, dd, J=8.2, 3.7 Hz), 4.01 (2H, d, J=6.7 Hz), 3.80 (2H, br. s.), 3.22 (2H, d, J=9.8 Hz), 2.03 (4H, br. s.), 1.89 (3H, br. s.), 1.77 (2H, br. s.), 1.31 (6H, d, J=6.7 Hz). LRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₄H₄₅N₄O₅: 709.33. found: 709. HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₄H₄₅N₄O₅: 709.3388. found 709.3390.

Example JG-54 to JG-70

Examples 54-70 were prepared from intermediate Example JG-53c or Example JG-53e and appropriate acids by employing EEDQ or HATU coupling conditions and a reverse phase HPLC (H₂O/MeOH/TFA) purification system.

JG- 54

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₂H₄₀N₄O₇: 712.81 found: 713.13 JG- 55

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₃₀H₃₂N₄O₅: 528.61 found: 529.13 JG- 56

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₀H₄₀N₄O₇: 712.81 found: 713.72 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₀H₄₁N₄O₇: 713.2975 found: 713.3010 JG- 57

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₂H₄₀N₄O₇: 712.81 found: 713.72 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₀H₄₁N₄O₇: 713.2975 found: 713.2836 JG- 58

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₄H₄₄N₄O₇: 740.86 found: 741.20 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₄H₄₅N₄O₇: 741.3131 found: 741.3710 JG- 59

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₄H₄₄N₄O₇: 740.32 found: 741.43 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₄H₄₅N₄O₇: 741.3288 found: 741.3269 JG- 60

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₈H₄₀Cl₂N₆O₇: 883.80 found: 883.74 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₈H₄₁Cl₂N₆O₇: 883.2413 found: 883.2426 JG- 61

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₆H₃₆Cl₂N₆O₅: 823.74 found: 823.69 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₆H₃₇Cl₂N₆O₅: 823.2202 found: 823.2224 JG- 62

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₆H₃₈N₆O₅: 754.85 found: 755.72 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₆H₃₉N₆O₅: 755.2982 found: 755.2985 JG- 63

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₆H₄₀N₆O₅: 766.95 found: 767.82 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₆H₄₁N₆O₅: 767.3921 found: 767.3953

Example JG-64

HATU (65.0 mg, 0.14 mmol) was added to a mixture of Example JG-53a (40.0 mg, 0.07 mmol), R-(−)-Mandelic acid (11.8 mg, 0.07 mmol, Cap-151 (18.4 mg, 0.07 mmol), and DIEA (82 μL, 0.42 mmol) in DMF (1.5 mL), and the mixture was stirred for 3 h. The volatile component was removed in vacuo and the residue was purified with a reverse phase HPLC (MeOH/H₂O/TFA) to afford Example JG-64 as an off-white solid (6.7 mg) LRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₅H₄₁ClN₅O₂: 798.33. found: 798. HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₅H₄₁ClN₅O₂: 798.2594. found 798.2547. The symmetrical analogs were also separated and they were described previously.

JG-65

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₇H₄₅ClN₆O₆: 825.37 found: 825.77 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₇H₄₆ClN₆O₆: 825.3167 found: 825.3002 JG-66

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₄H₄₅N₅O₆: 739.88 found: 740.43 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₄H₄₆N₅O₆: 740.3448 found: 740.7561 JG-67

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₇H₄₃ClN₆O₇: 839.36 found: 839.81 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₇H₄₄ClN₆O₇: 839.2960 found: 839.2930 JG-68

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₅H₄₀ClN₅O₇: 798.30 found: 798.76 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. for (M + H)⁺ C₄₅H₄₁ClN₅O₇: 798.2694 found: 798.2671 JG-69

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₆H₄₄N₄O₉: 796.88 found: 797.53 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₆H₄₅N₄O₉: 797.3186 found: 797.3220 JG-70

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₆H₄₄N₄O₉: 796.88 found: 797.00 HRMS: Anal. Calcd. For (M + H)⁺ C₄₆H₄₅N₄O₉: 797.3186 found: 797.3148

Example FY-1

Example FY-1a

Prepared according to the procedure described for Example OL-1c from 1-methyl-3,5-bis(4-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrazole, which was obtained from commercially available 1-methyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole according to the procedure described for Example JR-D-1a. This afforded Example FY-1a (0.2831 g, 99% yield) as an off-white solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.45 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.18 (2 H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 6.65 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 6.57 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 6.42 (1H, s), 5.24 (4H, br. s.), 3.72-3.79 (3H, m); LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=0.197 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₁₆H₁₇N₄: 265.15. found: 265.31.

Example FY-1

Prepared according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example FY-1 (0.0872 g, 83% yield) as a white powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, <DMSO>) δ ppm 9.88-10.47 (2H, m), 7.42-7.91 (8H, m), 7.08-7.39 (10H, m), 6.67-6.92 (1H, m), 4.31-4.80 (2H, m), 3.23-3.99 (11H, m), 1.71-2.43 (8

H, m). LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=1.683 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₂H₄₃N₆O₄: 695.34. found: 695.40.

Example FY-2

Prepared according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example FY-2 (0.0547 g, 67% yield) as a white powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, <DMSO>) δ ppm 9.92-10.38 (2H, m), 7.70-7.84 (4H, m), 7.59-7.67 (2H, m), 7.46-7.57 (2H, m), 6.74-6.84 (1H, m), 4.32-4.61 (2H, m), 3.82-3.93 (3H, m), 3.32-3.72 (4H, m), 1.70-2.40 (14H, m); LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=1.28 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₀H₃₅N₆O₄: 543.27. found: 543.42.

Example FY-3

Prepared according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example FY-3 (0.0996 g, 20% yield) as a white powder ¹H NMR (500 MHz, <DMSO>) δ ppm 10.19-10.28 (1H, m), 10.09 (1H, d, J=9.2 Hz), 7.00-7.93 (18H, m), 6.80 (1H, t, J=6.4 Hz), 5.03-5.17 (3H, m), 4.91-5.02 (1H, m), 4.26-4.47 (2H, m), 3.77-3.93 (3H, m), 3.33-3.63 (4H, m), 2.12-2.39 (2H, m), 1.77-2.05 (6H, m); LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=1.77 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₂H₄₃N₆O₆: 727.33. found: 727.36.

Example FY-4

Prepared according to the procedure described for Example OL-1d. This afforded Example FY-4 (0.0185 g, 14% yield) as a white powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, <DMSO>) δ ppm 9.89-10.39 (2H, m), 7.44-7.83 (8H, m), 6.68-6.85 (1H, m), 4.34-4.82 (2H, m), 3.86 (3H, s), 3.65-3.83 (3H, m), 3.37-3.58 (1H, m), 1.44-2.41 (10H, m), 0.56-0.85 (8H, m); LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=1.43 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₄H₃₉N₆O₄: 595.31. found: 595.36.

Example FY-5

Example FY-5a

To a stirred solution of Example JG-1b (0.2 g, 0.796 mmol) and charcoal (0.01 g, 0.05 wt %) in EtOAc (8 mL) at ambient temperature was added diphosgene (0.205 g, 1.035 mmol). The reaction was heated to reflux for two hours and concentrated in vacuo to give Example FY-5a (0.241 g, 100%) as a green powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.95-8.17 (2H, m), 7.57-7.93 (4H, m), 7.37-7.51 (1H, m), 7.22-7.35 (2H, m).

Example FY-5b

To a stirred solution of (R)-3-Aminopyrrolidine (1.2 g, 11.61 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) at −5° C. was added 1N HCl (11.6 mL, 11.61 mmol) followed by di-t-butyldicarbonate (2.79 g, 12.78 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL). Two hours later, it was concentrated in vacuo. To the residue was added 1N HCl (2.32 mL) and the aqueous mixture was washed with methylene chloride (10 mL). The aqueous layer was basified by addition of potassium carbonate (1.93 g, 13.96 mmol) and then extracted with methylene chloride (30 mL×2). The combined extracts were concentrated in vacuo to give Example FY-5b (1.91 g, 88%) as colorless oil. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 3.36-3.45 (1H, m), 3.27-3.36 (2H, m), 3.13-3.25 (1H, m), 2.87 (1H, dd, J=10.5, 4.7 Hz), 1.77-1.95 (1H, m), 1.63 (2H, br. s.), 1.47-1.59 (1H, m), 1.40 (9H, s).

Example FY-5c

To a stirred solution of Example FY-5a (0.04 g, 0.139 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) at ambient temperature was added Example FY-5b (0.059 g, 0.316 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL). After one hour, the mixture was filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give Example FY-5c (0.02 g, 22%) as white solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.71 (1H, br. s.), 8.58 (1H, br. s.), 7.94 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.69 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.61 (1H, s), 7.57 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.52 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 6.61 (1H, br. s.), 6.55 (1H, br. s.), 4.18 (2H, br. s.), 3.49 (2H, br. s.), 3.34 (4H, br. s.), 3.13 (2H, br. s.), 2.07 (2H, br. s.), 1.81 (2H, br. s.), 1.43 (18H, s); LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=1.90 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₃₅H₄₆N₇O₇: 676.35. found: 676.52.

Example FY-5d

To Example FY-5c (0.178 g, 0.2631 mmol) was added 4N HCl/dioxane (15 ml) and stirred for three hours at ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo to give Example FY-5d (0.1901 g, 100%) as yellow solid. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.26 (1H, s), 9.13-9.22 (1H, m), 9.11 (1H, s), 9.04 (1H, br. s.), 7.90-7.97 (2H, m), 7.70 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.58-7.63 (3H, m), 7.52-7.57 (2H, m), 7.02 (1H, d, J=6.1 Hz), 6.96 (1H, d, J=5.8 Hz), 4.30 (2H, br. s.), 3.39 (2H, dd, J=4.6, 2.4 Hz), 3.28-3.35 (2H, m), 3.17-3.28 (2H, m), 3.00-3.12 (2H, m), 2.15-2.26 (2H, m), 1.86 (2H, dd, J=13.1, 6.4 Hz); LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=1.03 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₅H₃₀N₇O₃: 476.24. found: 476.64.

Example FY-5

To a stirred solution of Example FY-5d (0.025 g, 0.0046 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) at ambient temperature was added Hunig's base (0.048 mL, 0.0276 mmol), (R)-mandelic acid (0.021 g, 0.0138 mmol), and HATU (0.0536 g, 0.0138) sequentially. The reaction was allowed to stir overnight at which point methanol (1 ml) was added and the reaction was loaded directly onto preparative HPLC. Purification via preparative HPLC provided Example FY-5 (0.0057 g, 17%) as a yellow wax. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.47-8.76 (2H, m), 7.93 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.68 (2H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 7.18-7.62 (15H, m), 6.34-6.68 (2H, m), 5.12-5.34 (2H, m), 4.04-4.29 (2H, m), 3.42-3.92 (6H, m), 3.36 (1H, d, J=15.3 Hz), 3.18-3.27 (1H, m), 2.94-3.06 (2H, m), 2.05 (2H, br. s.), 1.85 (1H, br. s.), 1.69 (1H, br. s.); LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=1.61 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₁H₄₂N₇O₇: 744.32. found: 744.51.

Example FY-6

Prepared according to the procedure described for Example FY-5. This afforded Example FY-6 (0.0057 g, 17% yield) as a yellow powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.69 (1H, d, J=7.3 Hz), 8.57 (1H, d, J=7.6 Hz), 7.88-7.99 (2H, m), 7.64-7.74 (2H, m), 7.19-7.64 (15H, m), 6.37-6.68 (2H, m), 5.17-5.34 (2H, m), 4.17 (4H, br. s.), 3.69 (2H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 3.43-3.59 (2H, m), 3.29-3.43 (2H, m), 3.14-3.26 (2H, m), 2.10 (1H, d, J=2.4 Hz), 1.97 (1H, br. s.), 1.78 (2H, br. s.); LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=1.647 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₁H₄₂N₇O₇: 744.32. found: 744.50.

Example FY-7

Prepared according to the procedure described for Example FY-5. This afforded Example FY-7 (0.0090 g, 26% yield) as a yellow powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.27-8.75 (2H, m), 7.87-7.97 (2H, m), 7.63-7.72 (2H, m), 7.22-7.63 (13H, m), 6.96-7.11 (2H, m), 6.43-6.57 (1H, m), 6.11-6.25 (1H, m), 4.03 (4H, ddd, J=12.4, 6.1, 6.0 Hz), 3.77-3.86 (1H, m), 3.65-3.75 (1H, m), 3.55-3.63 (1H, m), 3.47-3.55 (1H, m), 3.36-3.46 (1H, m), 3.28 (1H, d, J=11.6 Hz), 2.91 (1H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 2.63-2.74 (1H, m), 1.92-2.04 (1H, m), 1.63-1.83 (1H, m), 1.46-1.63 (8H, m); LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=1.733 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₆N₇O₇: 772.35. found: 772.56.

Example FY-8

Prepared according to the procedure described for Example FY-5. This afforded Example FY-8 (0.0146 g, 40% yield) as a yellow powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.91-9.17 (1H, m), 8.61-8.83 (1H, m), 7.94 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.69 (2H, d, J=8.5 Hz), 7.34-7.63 (15H, m), 6.85-7.07 (1H, m), 6.41-6.66 (1H, m), 5.32-5.57 (2H, m), 4.22-4.36 (1H, m), 3.97-4.15 (2H, m), 3.76-3.89 (1H, m), 3.45-3.64 (3H, m), 3.33-3.44 (1H, m), 3.05 (1H, d, J=7.9 Hz), 2.95 (6H, br. s.), 2.72-2.83 (1H, m), 2.43 (6H, br. s.), 2.00-2.19 (2H, m), 1.93 (1H, br. s.), 1.70 (1H, td, J=7.8, 3.7 Hz); LC/MS (Cond. 1): R_(t)=1.318 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₅H₅₂N₉O₅: 798.41. found: 798.66.

Example FY-9

Example FY-9a

Prepared according to the procedure described for Example FY-5c, using pyrazolidine as a starting material. This afforded Example FY-9a (0.0453 g, 26% yield) as a yellow powder. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 8.96-9.25 (2H, m), 7.93 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.52-7.87 (9H, m), 3.41 (4H, d, J=2.4 Hz), 2.84 (4H, d, J=4.9 Hz), 1.91-2.13 (4H, m); LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=1.278 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₂₃H₂₆N₇O₃: 448.21. found: 448.42.

Example FY-9b

To a stirred solution of (R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetic acid (0.0944 g, 0.438 mmol) (Cap 1) in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) was slowly added 2M oxalyl chloride (284 uL, 0.569 mmol) and one drop of DMF at 0° C. After two hours, the reaction was concentrated in vacuo to give Example FY-9b (0.241 g, 100%) as a light brown wax which was used in the next step without further characterization or purification.

Example FY-9

Prepared according to the procedure described for Example OL-34. This afforded Example FY-9 (0.002, 12% yield) as a yellow wax. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 9.67-9.90 (2H, m), 8.06 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.89 (2H, d, J=8.9 Hz), 7.10-7.87 (15H, m), 5.46-5.76 (2H, m), 3.71-4.24 (4H, m), 3.12-3.37 (2H, m), 3.03 (6H, d, J=3.1 Hz), 2.44 (6H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 1.83-2.23 (2H, m), 1.71 (4 H, br. s.); LC/MS (Cond. 1V): R_(t)=1.198 min; Anal. Calc. for [M+H]⁺ C₄₃H₄₇N₉O₅: 770.38. found: 770.62.

Examples RK-1 to RK-42

Examples RK-1 to RK-42 were prepared from Example CB-1c and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acids according to the procedure described for the preparation of Example CB-1. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and the final products were isolated as TFA salts. The coupling partner (RCOOH) was obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

Example RCOOH Analysis RK-1

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₀H₃₉N₆O₇ 715.29; Found: 715.28. R_(t) = 1.41 min Cond. RK1 RK-2

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₀H₃₅N₆O₉ 743.25; Found: 743.41. R_(t) = 1.61 min Cond. RK1 RK-3

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₀H₃₉N₆O₅ 683.30; Found: 683.28. R_(t) = 1.43 min Cond. RK1 RK-4

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₂H₄₃N₆O₇ 743.32; Found: 743.31. R_(t) = 1.81 min Cond. RK1 RK-5

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₂H₄₃N₆O₇ 743.32; Found: 743.32. R_(t) = 1.85 min Cond. RK1 RK-6

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₀H₃₉N₆O₇ 715.29; Found: 715.26. R_(t) = 1.26 min Cond. RK1 RK-7

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₀H₃₉N₆O₇ 715.29; Found: 715.28. R_(t) = 1.31 min Cond. RK1 RK-8

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₂H₄₃N₆O₇ 743.32; Found: 743.31. R_(t) = 1.37 min Cond. RK1 RK-9

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₂H₄₃N₆O₅ 711.33; Found: 711.32. R_(t) = 1.54 min Cond. RK1 RK-10

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₄H₃₆N₈O₅ 757.29; Found: 757.33. R_(t) = 1.28 min Cond. RK1 RK-11

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₂H₄₃N₆O₇ 743.32; Found: 743.33. R_(t) = 1.33 min Cond. RK1 RK-12

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₆H₃₁Cl₂N₈O₅ 725.18; Found: 727.17. R_(t) = 1.25 min Cond. RK1 RK-13

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₆H₃₁N₈O₅ 635.23; Found: 635.22. R_(t) = 1.14 min Cond. RK1 RK-14

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₄H₃₉N₆O₇ 643.29; Found: 643.27. R_(t) = 1.07 min Cond. RK1 RK-15

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₄H₃₉N₆O₇ 643.29; Found: 643.27. R_(t) = 1.03 min Cond. RK1 RK-16

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₀H₃₉N₆O₇ 715.29; Found: 715.27. R_(t) = 1.21 min Cond. RK1 RK-17

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₀H₃₉N₆O₇ 715.29; Found: 715.28. R_(t) = 1.21 min Cond. RK1 RK-18

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₄H₃₅Cl₂N₈O₅ 825.21; Found: 825.42. R_(t) = 1.83 min Cond. RK1 RK-19

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₈H₃₉N₆O₇ 691.29; Found: 691.27. R_(t) = 1.22 min Cond. RK1 RK-20

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₂H₂₇Cl₂N₈O₅ 673.15; Found: 673.14. R_(t) = 1.42 min Cond. RK1 RK-21

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₀H₂₇N₆O₇ 583.19; Found: 583.17. R_(t) = 1.13 min Cond. RK1 RK-22

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₂H₃₇N₈O₇ 765.28; Found: 765.29. R_(t) = 1.78 min Cond. RK1 RK-23

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₆H₃₅N₆O₅ 631.27; Found: 631.28. R_(t) = 1.24 min Cond. RK1 RK-24

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₆H₃₅N₆O₇ 663.26; Found: 663.24. R_(t) = 1.17 min Cond. RK1 RK-25

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₆H₃₁F₂N₈O₅ 693.24; Found: 693.22. R_(t) = 1.22 min Cond. RK1 RK-26

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₈H₄₅N₈O₇ 845.34; Found: 845.31. R_(t) = 1.36 min Cond. RK1 RK-27

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₆H₃₁Cl₂N₈O₅ 725.18; Found: 725.17. R_(t) = 1.23 min Cond. RK1 RK-28

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₂H₄₃N₆O₇ 743.32; Found: 743.32. R_(t) = 1.29 min Cond. RK1 RK-29

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₂H₂₇F₂N₈O₅ 641.21; Found: 641.19. R_(t) = 1.31 min Cond. RK1 RK-30

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₈H₃₉N₆O₇ 691.29; Found: 691.27. R_(t) = 1.27 min Cond. RK1 RK-31

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₈H₃₉N₆O₇ 691.29; Found: 691.29. R_(t) = 1.24 min Cond. RK1 RK-32

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₆H₃₉Cl₂N₈O₇ 885.23; Found: 885.46. R_(t) = 1.96 min Cond. RK1 RK-33

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₂H₃₅Cl₂N₈O₇ 833.20; Found: 833.22. R_(t) = 1.97 min Cond. RK1 RK-34

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₀H₃₅N₆O₇ 591.26; Found: 591.24. R_(t) = 1.05 min Cond. RK1 RK-35

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₀H₃₅N₆O₇ 591.26; Found: 591.25. R_(t) = 1.10 min Cond. RK1 RK-36

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₀H₃₁Cl₂N₈O₅ 773.18; Found: 773.13. R_(t) = 1.72 min Cond. RK1 RK-37

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₂H₂₇Cl₂N₈O₅ 673.15; Found: 673.16. R_(t) = 1.43 min Cond. RK1 RK-38

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₀H₄₅N₈O₅ 717.35; Found: 717.30. R_(t) = 1.07 min Cond. RK1 RK-39

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₄H₄₉N₈O₅ 769.38; Found: 769.33. R_(t) = 1.01 min Cond. RK1 RK-40

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₈H₃₅Cl₂N₈O₇ 785.20; Found: 785.19. R_(t) = 1.39 min Cond. RK1 RK-41

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₄H₃₁Cl₂N₈O₇ 733.18; Found: 733.19. R_(t) = 1.43 min Cond. RK1 RK-42

LCMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₄H₄₁N₈O₅ 761.32; Found: 761.36. R_(t) = 1.46 min Cond. RK1

Examples JR-1 to JR-23

Examples JR-1 to JR-23 were prepared from Example D-4-d and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA) and the final products were isolated as TFA salts. The coupling partner (ROH) was obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

R_(t) (LC- Cond.); Coupling %; MS Example Protocol R data JR-1 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₇H₄₂N₇O₇ 816.31; Found: 816.04. R_(t) = 1.50 min Cond. -J2 JR-2 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₁H₃₀F₆N₅O₇ 698.21; Found: 698.55. R_(t) = 1.74 min Cond. -J2 JR-3 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₇H₄₀N₉O₇ 722.31; Found: 722.66. R_(t) = 1.19 min Cond. -J2 JR-4 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₁H₄₂N₇O₇ 744.31; Found: 744.73. JR-5 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₇H₄₆N₇O₇ 820.35; Found: 820.80. JR-6 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₇H₃₆N₅O₇S₂ 726.21; Found: 726.61. JR-7 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₉H₃₈N₇O₇ 716.28; Found: 716.31. R_(t) = 1.21 min Cond. -J2 JR-8 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₇H₅₂Br₂N₇O₅ 952.24; Found: 952.14. R_(t) = 1.69 min Cond. -J1 JR-9 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₃H₄₀N₉O₇ 794.31; Found: 794.35. R_(t) = 1.83 min Cond. -J1 JR-10 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₉H₅₂N₉O₇ 878.40; Found: 878.40. R_(t) = 2.09 min Cond. -J1 JR-11 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₅₅H₄₈N₉O₇ 946.37; Found: 946.43. R_(t) = 2.14 min Cond. -J1 JR-12 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₉H₄₈N₁₃O₅ 778.39; Found: 778.41. R_(t) = 1.36 min Cond. -J1 JR-13 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₇H₅₄N₇O₇ 828.41; Found: 828.41. R_(t) = 1.67 min Cond. -J1 JR-14 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₇H₅₄N₇O₇ 828.41; Found: 828.42. R_(t) = 1.58 min Cond. -J1 JR-15 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₃H₅₀N₇O₇S₂ 840.32; Found: 840.43. R_(t) = 1.61 min Cond. -J1 JR-16 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₃H₅₀N₇O₇S₂ 840.32; Found: 840.42. R_(t) = 1.62 min Cond. -J1 JR-17 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₃₉H₄₂N₇O₇S₂ 784.26; Found: 784.13. R_(t) = 1.89 min Cond. -J1 JR-18 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₉H₅₄N₇O₉ 884.40; Found: 884.25. R_(t) = 2.04 min Cond. -J1 JR-19 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₅₃H₅₈N₇O₉ 936.43; Found: 936.23. R_(t) = 2.22 min Cond. -J1 JR-20 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₇H₄₆N₇O₉ 852.34; Found: 852.36. JR-21 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₇H₄₆N₇O₉ 852.34; Found: 852.26. R_(t) = 1.96 min Cond. -J1 JR-22 HATU, DIPEA, DMF

LRMS: Anal. Calcd. For [M + H]⁺: C₄₇H₄₂N₇O₁₁, 880.29; Found: 880.21.

Examples XY-1 to XY-43

Examples XY-1 to XY-44 were prepared from Example D-4-d and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA). The coupling partner (ROH) obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

Example R XY-1

XY-2

XY-3

XY-4

XY-5

XY-6

XY-7

XY-8

XY-9

XY-10

XY-11

XY-12

XY-13

XY-14

XY-15

XY-16

XY-17

XY-18

XY-19

XY-20

XY-21

XY-22

XY-23

XY-24

XY-25

XY-25

XY-27

XY-28

XY-29

XY-30

XY-31

XY-31

XY-33

XY-34

XY-35

XY-36

XY-37

XY-38

XY-39

XY-40

XY-41

XY-42

XY-43

Examples XY-44 to XY-58

Examples XY-44 to XY-58 were prepared according to the method described to prepare Example D-4 using L-trans-hydroxyproline and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA). The coupling partner (ROH) obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

Example R XY-44

XY-45

XY-46

XY-47

XY-48

XY-49

XY-50

XY-51

XY-52

XY-53

XY-54

XY-55

XY-56

XY-57

XY-58

Examples XY-59 to XY-77

Examples XY-59 to XY-77 were prepared according to the method described to prepare Example D-4 using L-trans-t-butoxyproline and 2.0 eq. of the appropriate, commercially-available or synthesized carboxylic acid according to the procedure described for Example D-57. Purification of the final targets was accomplished using a Shimadzu reverse phase preparative HPLC instrument (solvent systems: H₂O/MeOH/TFA or H₂O/ACN/TFA). The coupling partner (ROH) obtained from commercial sources unless otherwise noted.

Example R XY-59

XY-60 H XY-61

XY-62

XY-63

XY-64

XY-65

XY-66

XY-67

XY-68

XY-69

XY-70

XY-71

XY-72

XY-73

XY-74

XY-75

XY-76

XY-77

Biological Activity

An HCV Replicon assay was utilized in the present disclosure, and was prepared, conducted and validated as described in commonly owned PCT/US2006/022197 and in O'Boyle et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother, 49(4):1346-1353 (April 2005). Assay methods incorporating luciferase reporters have also been used as described (Apath.com).

HCV-neo replicon cells and replicon cells containing resistance substitutions in the NS5A region were used to test the currently described family of compounds.

The compounds were determined to have differing degrees of reduced inhibitory activity on cells containing mutations vs. the corresponding inhibitory potency against wild-type cells. Thus, the compounds of the present disclosure can be effective in inhibiting the function of the HCV NS5A protein and are understood to be as effective in combinations as previously described in application PCT/US2006/022197 and commonly owned WO 04/014852. It should be understood that the compounds of the present disclosure can inhibit multiple genotypes of HCV. Table 2 shows the EC₅₀ (Effective 50% inhibitory concentration) values of representative compounds of the present disclosure against the HCV 1b genotype. In one embodiment, compounds of the present disclosure are inhibitory versus 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, and 5a genotypes. EC₅₀ ranges against HCV 1b are as follows: A (1-10 μM); B (100-999 nM); C (4.57-99 nM); D (<4.57 nM).

TABLE 2 Example 1b (μM) Range Name OL-1 A 4,5-bis[4-[[(2S)-1-oxo-2- [[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino]propyl]amino]phenyl]- 2-oxazoleacetic acid OL-1d A 4,5-bis[4-[[(2S)-1-oxo-2- [[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino]propyl]amino]phenyl]- 2-oxazoleacetic acid, ethyl ester OL-2 A 4,5-bis[4-[[[(2S)-1-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-2-oxazoleacetic acid, ethyl ester OL-3 A 4,5-bis[4-[[[(2S)-1-[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-2-oxazoleacetic acid OL-4 0.22 B [(2-methyl-4,5-oxazolediyl)bis[4,1- phenyleneimino[(1S)-1-methyl-2-oxo-2,1- ethanediyl]]]bis-carbamic acid, bis(phenylmethyl) ester OL-5 B (2S,2′S)-2,2′-[(2-methyl-4,5-oxazolediyl)bis(4,1- phenyleneiminocarbonyl)]bis-1-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, bis(phenylmethyl) ester OL-6 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-[[2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-4,5- oxazolediyl]di-4,1-phenylene]bis[1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide MS-1 B (2S)-1-acetyl-N-(4-(2-(4-((((2S)-1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-1,3-oxazol-5- yl)phenyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide MS-2 B benzyl (2S,4R)-2-((4-(5-(4-((((2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-1,3-oxazol-2- yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-tert-butoxy-1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate MS-3 B benzyl (2S,4R)-2-((4-(5-(4-((((2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-1,3-oxazol-2- yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-4-hydroxy-1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate MS-4 0.90070 B benzyl 3-((4-(5-(4-((1-acetyl-L-prolyl)amino)phenyl)- 1,3-oxazol-2-yl)phenyl)carbamoyl)-1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate MS-5 B (2S)-1-acetyl-N-[4-[2-[4-[[[5-oxo-1-[2-(2- thienyl)ethyl]-3-pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]- 5-oxazolyl]phenyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide MS-6 0.1875 B (2S)-1-acetyl-N-(4-(5-(4-((((2S)-1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-1,3-oxazol-2- yl)phenyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide MS-7 A (2S)-N-[4-[5-[4-[[[(2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-2- oxazolyl]phenyl]-2,5-dihydro-1-(2-thienylcarbonyl)- 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide D-1 A (2S)-N-[4-[5-[4-[[[(2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-2- oxazolyl]phenyl]-2,5-dihydro-1-(2-thienylacetyl)-1H- pyrrole-2-carboxamide D-2 B (2S)-N-[4-[5-[4-[[[(2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-2- oxazolyl]phenyl]-1-(2-ethylbenzoyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H- pyrrole-2-carboxamide D-3 A (2S)-N-[4-[5-[4-[[[(2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-2- oxazolyl]phenyl]-2,5-dihydro-1-(5- isoxazolylcarbonyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide D-4 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [(dimethylamino)(2-fluorophenyl)acetyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] D-5 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [(2,4-difluorophenyl)(dimethylamino)acetyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] D-6 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [(2,4-difluorophenyl)(dimethylamino)acetyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] D-7 C ((2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [(2,4-difluorophenyl)(dimethylamino)acetyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] D-8 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((4-methyl-1- piperazinyl)(phenyl)acetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-9 3.33 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(2-(5,6-difluoro-3-isopropyl-2-oxo- 2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1- yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) D-10 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(hydroxy(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-11 2.09 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(2-hydroxy-2-(1-methyl-1H-imidazol- 2-yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) D-12 2.36 A diethyl 4,4′-(2,2′-(2S,2′S)-2,2′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5- diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(azanediyl)bis(oxomethylene)bis(pyrrolidine- 2,1-diyl)bis(1-hydroxy-2-oxoethane-2,1- diyl))bis(1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate) D-13 (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(2-hydroxy-2-(imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin- 3-yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) D-14 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(hydroxy(2-pyridinyl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-15 6.83 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(2-hydroxy-2-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridin-3-yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) D-16 (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(2-hydroxy-2-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridin-3-yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) D-17 6.82 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(2-hydroxy-2-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3- c]pyridin-3-yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) D-18 5.96 A (R,S,2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-((2R,3S)-2-benzamido-3- hydroxybutanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) D-19 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-3- (dimethylamino)propanoyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-20 B (2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- (cyclopropylacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-21 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((1-benzyl-2-piperidinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-22 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2- piperidinyl)carbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-23 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((1-benzyl-2-methyl-5-oxo-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-24 5.14 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(2-methyl-5-oxopyrrolidine-2- carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) D-25 5.33 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(2,4,4-trimethyl-5-oxopyrrolidine-2- carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) D-26 3.33 A (S,S,S,2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-((1S,3S,5S)-2-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)- 2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2- carboxamide) D-27 A di-tert-butyl (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)-2,1- pyrrolidinediylcarbonyl))di(1-pyrrolidinecarboxylate) D-28 A di-tert-butyl (2R,2′R)-2,2′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)-2,1- pyrrolidinediylcarbonyl))di(1-pyrrolidinecarboxylate) D-29 A di-tert-butyl 2,2′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)-2,1- pyrrolidinediylcarbonyl))bis(2-methyl-1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate) D-30 A di-tert-butyl 2,2′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)-2,1- pyrrolidinediylcarbonyl))bis(2-methyl-1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate) D-31 A di-tert-butyl (1S,3S,5S,1′S,3′S,5′S)-3,3′-(1,3-oxazole- 2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)-2,1- pyrrolidinediylcarbonyl))bis(2- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-2-carboxylate) D-32 A di-tert-butyl 2,2′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)-2,1- pyrrolidinediylcarbonyl))bis(2-benzyl-1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate) D-33 A di-tert-butyl 2,2′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)-2,1- pyrrolidinediylcarbonyl))bis(2-benzyl-1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate) D-34 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-2-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-35 5.24 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-pyrrolidinylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-36 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-37 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2-benzyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-38 0.11 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(((2S)-1-((2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2- phenylacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-39 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(((2R)-1-((2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2- phenylacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-40 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(((1S,3S,5S)-2-((2R)-2- (dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetyl)-2- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-41 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((1-((2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2- phenylacetyl)-2-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-7 C (2S,2′S)-2,2′-[1H-imidazole-4,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneiminocarbonyl)]bis-1-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, bis(phenylmethyl) ester OL-8 C [1H-imidazole-4,5-diylbis[4,1-phenyleneimino[(1S)-1- methyl-2-oxo-2,1-ethanediyl]]]bis-carbamic acid, bis(phenylmethyl) ester OL-9 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(2-((phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide) OL-10 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-11 B (2S,4S,2′S,4′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-42 A (2S)-1-acetyl-N-(4-(2-methyl-4-(4-((((2S)-1- (phenylacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)- 1,3-thiazol-5-yl)phenyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide D-43 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazole-4,5-diyl)di-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-acetyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-44 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-((2-methyl-1,3-thiazole-4,5-diyl)di-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) D-45 B (2S)-1-acetyl-N-(4-(4-(4-((((2S)-1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2- yl)phenyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide D-46 A (2S)-1-acetyl-N-[4-[4-[4-[[[5-oxo-1-[2-(2- thienyl)ethyl]-3-pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]- 2-thiazolyl]phenyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide D-47 A (2S)-N-[4-[2-[4-[[[(2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-4- thiazolyl]phenyl]-2,5-dihydro-1-(2-thienylcarbonyl)- 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide D-48 B (2S)-N-[4-[2-[4-[[[(2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-4- thiazolyl]phenyl]-2,5-dihydro-1-(2-thienylacetyl)-1H- pyrrole-2-carboxamide D-49 A (2S)-N-[4-[2-[4-[[[(2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-4- thiazolyl]phenyl]-2,5-dihydro-1-(phenylacetyl)-1H- pyrrole-2-carboxamide D-50 B (2S)-N-[4-[2-[4-[[[(2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-4- thiazolyl]phenyl]-2,5-dihydro-1-(5- isoxazolylcarbonyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide D-51 3.43 A (2S)-N-[4-[2-[4-[[[(2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-4- thiazolyl]phenyl]-2,5-dihydro-1-[[(2R)-tetrahydro-2- furanyl]carbonyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide D-52 A (2S)-N-[4-[2-[4-[[[(2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-4- thiazolyl]phenyl]-2,5-dihydro-1-[[(2S)-tetrahydro-2- furanyl]carbonyl]-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide D-53 1.13 A (2S)-N-[4-[2-[4-[[[(2S)-1-acetyl-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-4- thiazolyl]phenyl]-1-benzoyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2- carboxamide OL-12 A [(1,5-dihydro-5-oxo-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,4-diyl)bis[4,1- phenyleneimino[(1S)-1-methyl-2-oxo-2,1- ethanediyl]]]bis-carbamic acid, bis(phenylmethyl) ester OL-13 A (2S,2′S)-2,2′-[(1,5-dihydro-5-oxo-4H-1,2,4-triazole- 3,4-diyl)bis(4,1-phenyleneiminocarbonyl)]bis-1- pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, bis(phenylmethyl) ester, OL-14 A (2S,2′S)-2,2′-[4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,4-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneiminocarbonyl)]bis-1-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, bis(phenylmethyl) ester OL-15 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,4-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis[1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] OL-16 A [(1S)-1-methyl-2-oxo-2-[[4-[3-[4-[[(2S)-1-oxo-2- [[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino]propyl]amino]phenyl]- 4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl]amino]ethyl]-carbamic acid, phenylmethyl ester OL-17 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,4-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis[4-hydroxy-1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] MS-8 0.09 C (2S,2′S)-2,2′-[1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneiminocarbonyl)]bis-1-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, bis(phenylmethyl) ester MS-9 0.15 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(2-phenylacetyl)pyrrolidine-2- carboxamide) D-54 4.76 A (2S)-1-acetyl-N-[4-[5-[4-[[[(2S)-1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol- 2-yl]phenyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide D-55 10 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis[1-acetyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide] D-56 0.15 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis[1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] D-57 1.95 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis[1-(cyclopropylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] D-58 2.21 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis[1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] D-59 5.45 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis[1-(cyclobutylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] D-60 0.65 B (S,2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5- diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(1-((S)-tetrahydrofuran-2- carbonyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) D-61 0.327 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(2-(thiophen-2-yl)acetyl)pyrrolidine- 2-carboxamide) D-62 3.467 A (2S)-1-acetyl-N-[4-[5-[4-[[[(2S)-1-(2-thienylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol- 2-yl]phenyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide D-63 1.938 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis[1-(3-pyridinylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] D-64 6.57 A (2S)-1-acetyl-N-[4-[5-[4-[[[(2S)-1-(3-pyridinylacetyl)- 2-pyrrolidinyl]carbonyl]amino]phenyl]-1,3,4- oxadiazol-2-yl]phenyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide OL-18 0.092 C [(1S)-1-methyl-2-oxo-2-[[4-[4-[4-[[(2S)-1-oxo-2- [[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino]propyl]amino]phenyl]- 1H-1,2,3-triazol-5-yl]phenyl]amino]ethyl]-carbamic acid, phenylmethyl ester OL-19 C (2S,2′S)-2,2′-[1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneiminocarbonyl)]bis-1-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, bis(phenylmethyl) ester OL-20 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis[1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] OL-21 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-22 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-thienediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- (phenylacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-23 C (2S,2′S)-2,2′-[2,5-thienediylbis(4,1- phenyleneiminocarbonyl)]bis-1-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, bis(phenylmethyl) ester OL-24 0.62 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-thienediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- acetyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide] OL-25 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-thienediyldi-3,1-phenylene)bis[1- (phenylacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide] OL-26 C (2S,2′S)-2,2′-[1H-pyrazole-3,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneiminocarbonyl)]bis-1-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid, bis(phenylmethyl) ester OL-27 0.01 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis[1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] OL-28 C (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-29 4.55 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-acetyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-30 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-acetyl-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2- carboxamide) OL-31 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-isobutyryl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-32 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-propionyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-33 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclobutylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-34 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-isonicotinoyl-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-35 8.25 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-36 B (2S)-1-acetyl-N-(4-(3-(4-((((2S)-1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5- yl)phenyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide OL-37 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)-2,5-dihydro- 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxamide) OL-38 10 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclobutylcarbonyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H- pyrrole-2-carboxamide) OL-39 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis[1-(cyclopentylacetyl)-2,5-dihydro-1H- pyrrole-2-carboxamide] OL-40 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((3-chloro-1-isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-41 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((3-chloro-5-methoxy-1- isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-42 D N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((2R)-2-acetamido-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-43 C (S)-2-((S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido)-N-(4-(5-(4- ((R)-2-((S)-2-hydroxy-2- phenylacetamido)propanamido)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3- yl)phenyl)propanamide OL-44 D (S)-2-((R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido)-N-(4-(5-(4- ((R)-2-((R)-2-hydroxy-2- phenylacetamido)propanamido)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3- yl)phenyl)propanamide OL-45 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2- hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide) OL-46 C (2R,2′R)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2- hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide) OL-47 C N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(3- chloro-1-naphthamide) OL-48 0.28 B N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(3- chloro-1-isoquinolinecarboxamide) OL-49 0.23 B dibenzyl (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-2,2′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5- diylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl))bis(4-tert-butoxy-1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate) OL-50 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((6-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-51 C (2S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-52 0.03 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((3-chloro-5-methoxy-1- isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-53 D N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((2R)-2-acetamido-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-54 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(2-(((2S)-2-hydroxy-2- phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide) OL-55 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(2-(((2R)-2-hydroxy-2- phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide) OL-56 D ((2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2- hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide)) OL-57 C (2R,2′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2- hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide)) OL-58 D (2S,4S,2′S,4′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-4- methoxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-59 D (2S,4S,2′S,4′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2- phenylacetyl)-4-methoxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-60 C (2S,4S,2′S,4′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(acetamido(phenyl)acetyl)-4-methoxy- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) OL-61 C (2S)-1-((3-chloro-5-methoxy-1- isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-N-(4-(2-(4-((((2S)-1-((2R)-2- (dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-1,3-oxazol-5- yl)phenyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide CB-1 <0.005 C (1S,3S,5S,1′S,3′S,5′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi- 4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((2R)-2-acetamido-2- phenylacetyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3- carboxamide) CB-2 B (1S,3S,5S,1′S,3′S,5′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi- 4,1-phenylene)bis(2-(1-isoquinolinylcarbonyl)-2- azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxamide) CB-3 0.38 B (1S,3S,5S,1′S,3′S,5′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi- 4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((3-chloro-1- isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3- carboxamide) CB-4 B (1S,3S,5S,1′S,3′S,5′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi- 4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((3-chloro-5-methoxy-1- isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3- carboxamide) CB-5 C (1S,3S,5S,1′S,3′S,5′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi- 4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)- 2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxamide) CB-6 D (1S,3S,5S,1′S,3′S,5′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi- 4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)- 2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3-carboxamide) CB-7 B (1S,3S,5S,1′S,3′S,5′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi- 4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((2R)-tetrahydro-2- furanylcarbonyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3- carboxamide) CB-8 <0.005 D (1S,3S,5S,1′S,3′S,5′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi- 4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((2S)-2-hydroxy-2- phenylpropanoyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3- carboxamide) CB-9 D (1S,3S,5S,1′S,3′S,5′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi- 4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2- phenylacetyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3- carboxamide) CB-10 D (1S,3S,5S,1′S,3′S,5′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi- 4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((2R)-2-hydroxy-2- phenylpropanoyl)-2-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane-3- carboxamide) JG-1 D dibenzyl (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenylenecarbamoyl))di(1-pyrrolidinecarboxylate) JG-2 0.002 D (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-3 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-4 B dibenzyl (1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-3-methyl-1-oxo-1,2- butanediyl)))biscarbamate JG-5 10 A dibenzyl (1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2R)-3-methyl-1-oxo-1,2- butanediyl)))biscarbamate JG-6 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(phenylacetyl)-2- piperidinecarboxamide) JG-7 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-8 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-propionyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-9 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclobutylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-10 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-isonicotinoyl-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-11 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-acetyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-12 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(3-methyl-2- ((phenylacetyl)amino)butanamide) JG-13 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-(methylsulfanyl)-2- ((phenylacetyl)amino)butanamide) JG-14 B (2R,2′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(3-(methylsulfanyl)-2- ((phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide) JG-15 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-methoxy-2- ((phenylacetyl)amino)butanamide) JG-16 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(3-tert-butoxy-2- ((phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide) JG-17 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(2-(2-phenylacetamido)hexanamide) JG-18 A N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((phenylacetyl)amino)cyclopropanecarboxamide) JG-19 0.009 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-20 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-21 D 1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)- 2,1-pyrrolidinediyl(1S)-2-oxo-1-phenyl-2,1-ethanediyl) diacetate JG-22 <0.005 D (2S)-1-((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)-N-(4-(2- (4-((((2S)-1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-1,3-oxazol-5- yl)phenyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide JG-23 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-24 D 1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)- 2,1-pyrrolidinediyl(1R)-2-oxo-1-phenyl-2,1-ethanediyl) diacetate JG-25 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-26 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2- hydroxyacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-27 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(oxo(phenyl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-28 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(1-benzofuran-2-ylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-29 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-30 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2,1-benzisoxazol-3-ylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-31 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(oxo(phenyl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-32 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-33 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-34 D 1H-pyrazole-3,5-diylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)- 2,1-pyrrolidinediyl(1S)-2-oxo-1-phenyl-2,1-ethanediyl) diacetate JG-35 <0.005 D 1H-pyrazole-3,5-diylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)- 2,1-pyrrolidinediyl(1R)-2-oxo-1-phenyl-2,1-ethanediyl) diacetate JG-36 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2- hydroxyacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-37 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-38 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-39 <0.005 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-40 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(1-benzofuran-2-ylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-41 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-42 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(oxo(phenyl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-43 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-44 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-45 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-46 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-47 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-48 2.34 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(1-isoquinolinylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-49 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((3-chloro-1-isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-50 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((3-chloro-5-methoxy-1- isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-51 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(1-benzofuran-2-ylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-52 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(1-benzofuran-5-ylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-53 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-furandiyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((2R)-2-phenylpropanoyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-54 B dibenzyl (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(2,5-furandiylbis(4,1- phenylenecarbamoyl))di(1-pyrrolidinecarboxylate) JG-55 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-furandiyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- acetyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-56 <0.005 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-furandiyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-57 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-furandiyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-58 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-furandiyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-59 D (2S)-1-((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)-N-(4-(5- (4-((((2S)-1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-2-furyl)phenyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide JG-60 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-furandiyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1-((3- chloro-5-methoxy-1-isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-61 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-furandiyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1-((3- chloro-1-isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-62 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-furandiyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1-(1- isoquinolinylcarbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-63 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-furandiyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JG-64 C (2S)-1-((3-chloro-5-methoxy-1- isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-N-(4-(5-(4-((((2S)-1-((2R)-2- hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-2-furyl)phenyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide JG-65 D (2S)-1-((3-chloro-5-methoxy-1- isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-N-(4-(5-(4-((((2S)-1-((2R)-2- (dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-2-furyl)phenyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide JG-66 D (2S)-1-((2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetyl)-N-(4- (5-(4-((((2S)-1-((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-2-furyl)phenyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide JG-67 0.0052 C (2S)-1-((2R)-2-acetamido-2-phenylacetyl)-N-(4-(5-(4- ((((2S)-1-((3-chloro-5-methoxy-1- isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-2-furyl)phenyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide JG-68 B (2S)-1-((3-chloro-5-methoxy-1- isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-N-(4-(5-(4-((((2S)-1-((2S)-2- hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-2-furyl)phenyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide JG-69 D 2,5-furandiylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)-2,1- pyrrolidinediyl(1R)-2-oxo-1-phenyl-2,1-ethanediyl) diacetate JG-70 B 2,5-furandiylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)-2,1- pyrrolidinediyl(1S)-2-oxo-1-phenyl-2,1-ethanediyl) diacetate FY-1 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyl)di-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) FY-2 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyl)di-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-acetyl-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) FY-3 B dibenzyl (2S,2′S)-2,2′-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3,5- diyl)bis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl))di(1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate) FY-4 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-((1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyl)di-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) FY-5 B N′,N′″-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((3R)-1-((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-3- pyrrolidinyl)urea) FY-6 B N′,N′″-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((3R)-1-((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-3- pyrrolidinyl)urea) FY-7 B N′,N′″-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((3R)-1-(2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)-3- pyrrolidinyl)urea) FY-8 B N′,N′″-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- ((3R)-1-((2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetyl)-3- pyrrolidinyl)urea) FY-9 C N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(2- ((2R)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetyl)-1- pyrazolidinecarboxamide) RK-1 C dibenzyl (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5- diylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl))di(1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate) RK-2 A dibenzyl (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5- diylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl))bis(5-oxo-1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate) RK-3 B N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(1- (phenylacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-4 B dibenzyl (2S,2′S)-2,2′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5- diylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl))di(1- piperidinecarboxylate) RK-5 A dibenzyl (2R,2′R)-2,2′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5- diylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl))di(1- piperidinecarboxylate) RK-6 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-methoxybenzoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-7 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(3-methoxybenzoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-8 1.85 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-ethoxybenzoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-9 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-ethylbenzoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-10 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-quinolinylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-11 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(methoxy(phenyl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-12 3.96 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((6-chloro-2-pyridinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-13 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-furoyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-14 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-tetrahydro-2-furanylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-15 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-tetrahydro-2-furanylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-16 <0.005 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-17 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-18 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((3-chloro-1-isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-19 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(2- ((methoxy(phenyl)acetyl)amino)propanamide) RK-20 A N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(6- chloro-2-pyridinecarboxamide) RK-21 A N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))di(2- furamide) RK-22 B N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(4- methoxy-2-quinolinecarboxamide) RK-23 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(2-((phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide) RK-24 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(2-(((2S)-2-hydroxy-2- phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide) RK-25 B (2R,2′R)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((6-fluoro-2-pyridinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-26 A (3S,3′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((4-methoxy-2-quinolinyl)carbonyl)-3- piperidinecarboxamide) RK-27 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((4-chloro-2-pyridinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-28 0.003 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-29 A N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(6- fluoro-2-pyridinecarboxamide) RK-30 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2- hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide) RK-31 B (2R,2′R)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2- hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide) RK-32 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((3-chloro-5-methoxy-1- isoquinolinyl)carbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-33 B N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(3- chloro-5-methoxy-1-isoquinolinecarboxamide) RK-34 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2- propanediyl)))ditetrahydro-2-furancarboxamide RK-35 A (2R,2′R)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2- propanediyl)))ditetrahydro-2-furancarboxamide RK-36 1.00 A N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(3- chloro-1-isoquinolinecarboxamide) RK-37 A N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(4- chloro-2-pyridinecarboxamide) RK-38 <0.005 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(2-(((2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-2- phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide) RK-39 <0.005 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-2- phenylacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-40 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-chloro-6-methoxyisonicotinoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) RK-41 A N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2- chloro-6-methoxyisonicotinamide) RK-42 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) JR-1 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [2-(1-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1,2-dioxoethyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-2 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- (3,3,3-trifluoro-2-hydroxy-1-oxopropyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-3 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [hydroxy(1-methyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)acetyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-4 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [2-hydroxy-1-oxo-3-(3-pyridinyl)propyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-5 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [2-hydroxy-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-6 <0.005 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- (hydroxy-2-thienylacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-7 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- (hydroxy-3-pyridinylacetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-8 C (2S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(3-(4-bromophenyl)-2- (dimethylamino)propanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) JR-9 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [(2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)acetyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-10 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [2-(3-ethyl-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1-yl)- 1-oxopropyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-11 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [(2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1H-benzimidazol-1- yl)phenylacetyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-12 B (2S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-(2-(dimethylamino)-3-(1H-1,2,4- triazol-1-yl)propanoyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide) JR-13 0.112 B (S,S,2S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-((2S,3S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3- hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl)pyrrolidine-2- carboxamide) JR-14 A (S,R,2S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-((2S,3R)-2-(dimethylamino)-3- hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoyl)pyrrolidine-2- carboxamide) JR-15 C (S,S,2S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-((2S,3S)-2-(dimethylamino)-3- hydroxy-3-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoyl)pyrrolidine-2- carboxamide) JR-16 A (S,R,2S)-N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1- phenylene))bis(1-((2S,3R)-2-(dimethylamino)-3- hydroxy-3-(thiophen-3-yl)propanoyl)pyrrolidine-2- carboxamide) JR-17 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [(hexahydro-5-oxopyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazol-3-yl)carbonyl]- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-18 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [2-(octahydro-1,3-dioxo-4,7-methano-2H-isoindol-2- yl)-1-oxopropyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-19 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [2-(1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-1,3-dioxo-4,7-methano- 2H-isoindol-2-yl)-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-20 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [[(4S)-2-oxo-4-phenyl-3-oxazolidinyl]acetyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-21 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [[(4R)-2-oxo-4-phenyl-3-oxazolidinyl]acetyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] JR-22 1.72 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(2,5-oxazolediyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis[1- [(2,4-dioxo-5-phenyl-3-oxazolidinyl)acetyl]-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide] XY-1 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-2 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((1-cyanocyclopropyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-3 0.321 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((3-methoxyphenyl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-4 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(3-pyridinylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-5 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((dimethylamino)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-6 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-pyridinylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-7 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(3,5-difluorobenzoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-8 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2-methoxyethoxy)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-9 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-methylpentanoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-10 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-fluorobenzoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-11 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((5-methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-12 0.22 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-(3-chlorophenoxy)propanoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-13 4.54 A 4,4′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1- phenylenecarbamoyl(2S)-2,1-pyrrolidinediyl))bis(4- oxobutanoic acid) XY-14 A (2S)-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylacetyl)-N-(4-(2-(4-((((2S)-1- (1H-imidazol-5-ylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinyl)carbonyl)amino)phenyl)-1,3-oxazol-5- yl)phenyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide (non-preferred name) XY-15 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclohexylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-16 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2-methylcyclopropyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-17 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(3-chloro-2,2-dimethylpropanoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-18 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(tetrahydro-3-furanylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-19 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2,2-dimethylpentanoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-20 0.062 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-phenylbutanoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-21 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-2- yl)carbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-22 <0.0045 D (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((4-fluorophenyl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-23 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((1-acetyl-4-piperidinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-24 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclopropylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-25 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((3-chloro-2-thienyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-26 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-2-methoxy-2-phenylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-27 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(4,5-dimethyl-2-furoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-28 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((3,5-dimethyl-4-isoxazolyl)carbonyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-29 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-30 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2-methyl-3-pyridinyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-31 0.054 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(tetrahydro-2-furanylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-32 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2R)-tetrahydro-2-furanylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-33 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(1H-pyrrol-2-ylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-34 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2,5-dimethyl-3-furoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-35 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((2-methoxyphenyl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-36 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-37 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-furoyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-38 C (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(3-furoyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-39 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((1-methylcyclopropyl)carbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-40 B (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-41 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(1-piperidinylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-42 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((1-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)acetyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-43 A (2S,2′S)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-44 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclopropylacetyl)-4-hydroxy-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-45 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-(3-pyridinylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-46 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclobutylcarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-47 0.564 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(2-ethylbenzoyl)-4-hydroxy-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-48 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclohexylcarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-49 C (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-(methoxy(phenyl)acetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-50 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-((2R)-tetrahydro-2- furanylcarbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-51 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-((3-methylphenyl)acetyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-52 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-((3-methyl-5- isoxazolyl)acetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-53 8.06 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-((3,5-dimethyl-4-isoxazolyl)carbonyl)- 4-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-54 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-55 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-((3-methoxyphenyl)acetyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-56 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-57 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)-4-hydroxy-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-58 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-hydroxy-1-(2-pyridinylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-59 A dibenzyl (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-2,2′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5- diylbis(4,1-phenylenecarbamoyl))bis(4-tert-butoxy-1- pyrrolidinecarboxylate) XY-60 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-61 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-(cyclopropylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-62 C (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-(3-pyridinylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-63 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-(2,2- dimethylpropanoyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-64 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-(cyclobutylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-65 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-(2-ethylbenzoyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-66 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-(cyclohexylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-67 C (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1- (methoxy(phenyl)acetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-68 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-((2R)-tetrahydro-2- furanylcarbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-69 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-((3- methylphenyl)acetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-70 C (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-((3-methyl-5- isoxazolyl)acetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-71 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-((1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2- yl)carbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-72 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-((3,5-dimethyl-4- isoxazolyl)carbonyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-73 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(1-benzoyl-4-tert-butoxy-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-74 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-(cyclopropylcarbonyl)- 2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-75 C (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-(2-pyridinylacetyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-76 A (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-(2-thienylcarbonyl)-2- pyrrolidinecarboxamide) XY-77 B (2S,4R,2′S,4′R)-N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1- phenylene)bis(4-tert-butoxy-1-((3- methoxyphenyl)acetyl)-2-pyrrolidinecarboxamide)

The compounds of the present disclosure may inhibit HCV by mechanisms in addition to or other than NS5A inhibition. In one embodiment the compounds of the present disclosure inhibit HCV replicon and in another embodiment the compounds of the present disclosure inhibit NS5A.

It will be evident to one skilled in the art that the present disclosure is not limited to the foregoing illustrative examples, and that it can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the essential attributes thereof. It is therefore desired that the examples be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, reference being made to the appended claims, rather than to the foregoing examples, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of Formula (I):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Q¹, Q², Q³, Q⁴, Q⁵, Q⁶, Q⁷, and Q⁸ are each CR^(w); wherein each R^(w) is independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, C₁₋₄ alkyl, and halo; L is a five-membered heterocyclyl group selected from the group consisting of

wherein R^(x) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen, halogen, or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by —C(O)OR³ or —NMe₂, wherein R^(y) at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl, and wherein R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; one of R¹ and R² is selected from C₁₋₆ alkoxy, —NHR^(p), and alkyl, wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, —OSi(R^(q))₃, —OR⁴, —SR⁵, —C(O)OR⁶, —NHC(O)R⁷, —NR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(c)R^(d); and the other is selected from cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, C₁₋₆ alkoxy, —NHR^(p), and alkyl, wherein said alkyl is optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, —OSi(R^(q))₃, —OR⁴, —SR⁵, —C(O)OR⁶, —NHC(O)R⁷, —NR^(a)R^(b), and —C(O)NR^(c)R^(d); wherein R^(p) is heterocyclyl, wherein R^(q) at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₄ alkyl or phenyl, wherein any said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, arylalkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclylalkyl, halogen, cyano, nitro, —OR⁴, —C(O)OR⁶, —NR^(a)R^(b), (NR^(a)R^(b))alkyl, and —OP(O)(OH)(OR⁵), and wherein any said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be fused onto an aromatic ring and may optionally be substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroarylalkyl, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), oxo, —OR⁴, —C(O)OR⁶, and —C(O)R⁷; R⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or benzyl; R⁵ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; R⁶ at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₆ alkyl, aryl, benzyl, or heteroaryl; R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from —OR⁸, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(O)OR¹⁰, fused cyclopropyl, cyano, oxo, phenyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), -L¹-R¹¹, C(O)R¹¹, and —C(O)-L¹-R¹¹; R⁸ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl optionally substituted with a halogen, arylalkyl, —(C₁₋₃ alkylene)-C(O)OR¹⁰, or —(C₁₋₃ alkylene)-O—(C₁₋₃ alkylene); R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl; R¹⁶ is hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², —OC(O)R¹³, —NR^(a)R^(b), phenyl, and oxo; R¹¹ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, —OR⁸, or —NR^(a)R^(b), wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, nitro, cyano, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, halogen, —OR⁹, oxo, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R¹⁰, and —C(O)OR¹⁰; R¹² is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹; R¹³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or aryl; R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₆ alkyl, cycloalkyl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁵, —C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), and (NR^(c)R^(d))alkyl, or alternatively, R^(a) and R^(b), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure, wherein said five- or six-membered ring or bridged bicyclic ring structure optionally may contain one or two additional heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and may contain one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, aryl, halogen, and —OR⁹; R^(c) and R^(d) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, and cycloalkyl; R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, arylalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, each optionally substituted by one, two or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹; and R¹⁵ is C₁₋₆ alkyl, arylalkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl.
 2. The compound of claim 1, or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein one of R¹ and R² is

and the other is selected from the group consisting of:

wherein: n is 0, 1, 2, or 3; R¹⁶ at each occurrence is independently C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR⁴, or oxo; R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷, wherein R⁷ is defined as in claim 1; R¹⁸ is C₁₋₆ alkyl optionally substituted by —OR⁴ or —SR⁵; R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₆ alkyl; and R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 3. The compound of claim 2, or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OCH₂Ph, —OC(CH₃)₃, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, —CH₂Ph, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, phenyl,


4. The compound of claim 1, further characterized by formula (Ia):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R^(x) is hydrogen, methyl, —CH₂C(O)OR³, or —CH₂NMe₂, wherein R³ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; one of R¹ and R² is

and the other is selected from

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷; R⁷ at each occurrence is independently —OR⁸ or benzyl; and R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl.
 5. The compound of claim 1, further characterized by formula (Ib):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R^(x) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; one of R¹ and R² is

and the other is selected from:

wherein: R¹⁶ is hydrogen, OH, or —OR⁴, wherein R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷; R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from —OR⁸, C₁₋₆ alkyl, C₁₋₆ haloalkyl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(O)OR¹⁰, fused cyclopropyl, phenyl, oxo, —NR^(a)R^(b), -L¹-R¹¹, —C(O)R¹¹, and —C(O)-L¹-R¹¹; R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl; R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; R¹⁰ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, or benzyl; L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², —OC(O)R¹³, —NR^(a)R^(b), phenyl, and oxo; R¹¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, heteroaryl, or —NR^(a)R^(b), wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, benzyl, phenyl, halogen, —OR⁹, oxo, fused cyclopropyl, —NR^(a)R^(b), —C(O)R¹⁰, and —C(O)OR¹⁰; R¹² is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹; R¹³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl; R^(a) and R^(b) are independently selected from hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(O)R¹⁴, or alternatively, R^(a) and R^(b), together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, form a five- or six-membered ring, wherein said five- or six-membered ring optionally may contain one additional heteroatom selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur and may contain one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ haloalkyl, aryl, halogen, and —OR⁹; R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl; R^(17a) is heteroarylalkyl; and R¹⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted by —OR⁴ or —SR⁵, wherein R⁴ and R⁵ are each independently C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 5, or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R^(x) is hydrogen; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of —OCH₂Ph, —OC(CH₃)₃, methyl, ethyl, —CH₂Ph, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, phenyl,

and R^(17a) is


7. The compound of claim 1, further characterized by Formula (Id):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R^(x) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; one of R¹ and R² is

and the other is selected from

R¹⁶ is hydrogen or —OH; R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷; R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OR⁸, C₁₋₄ alkyl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹; R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl; R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², and oxo; R¹¹ is aryl, C₁₋₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, and —OR⁹; and R¹² is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 8. The compound of claim 1, further characterized by Formula (Ie):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R^(x) and R^(y) are each independently hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; one of R¹ and R² is

and the other is selected from

R¹⁶ is hydrogen or —OR⁴, wherein R⁴ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷; R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of: —OR⁸, C₁₋₄ alkyl, aryl, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and -L¹-R¹¹, wherein said aryl and heteroaryl may optionally be substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR⁹, —NR^(a)R^(b), and oxo; R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl; R⁹ is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; L¹ is C₁₋₂ alkylene optionally substituted by one or two substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, —OR¹², —OC(O)R¹³, —NR^(a)R^(b), and oxo; R¹¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, or heteroaryl, wherein said aryl or heteroaryl may be optionally substituted by one, two, or three substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, and —NR^(a)R^(b), and wherein said cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl may optionally be substituted by one or more substituents independently selected from C₁₋₄ alkyl, halogen, —OR⁹, oxo, and —NR^(a)R^(b); R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ haloalkyl; R¹⁰ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl; R¹² is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; R¹³ is C₁₋₄ alkyl; R^(a) and R^(b) are each independently hydrogen, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(O)R¹⁴; and R¹⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl.
 9. The compound of claim 1, or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R^(x) is hydrogen; R^(y) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; and R⁷ at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of —OCH₂Ph, —OC(CH₃)₃, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, benzyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl,


10. The compound of claim 1, further characterized by Formula (If):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R^(x) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; one of R¹ and R² is

and the other is selected from

R¹⁶ is hydrogen or —OH; R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷; R⁷ at each occurrence is independently —OR⁸ or —CH₂Ph; and R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl.
 11. The compound of claim 1, further characterized by Formula (Ig):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R^(y) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; one of R¹ and R² is

and the other is selected from

R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷; and R⁷ at each occurrence is independently —OR⁸; and R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl.
 12. The compound of claim 1, further characterized by Formula (Ih):

or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: R^(y) is hydrogen or C₁₋₄ alkyl; one of R¹ and R² is

and the other is selected from

R¹⁶ is hydrogen or —OH; and R¹⁷ at each occurrence is independently hydrogen or —C(O)R⁷; R⁷ at each occurrence is independently —OR⁸ or benzyl; and R⁸ is C₁₋₄ alkyl or benzyl.
 13. A compound, or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from the group consisting of: (4,5-bis(4-(((2S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)propanoyl)amino)phenyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)acetic acid; ethyl (4,5-bis(4-(((2S)-2-(((benzyloxy)carbonyl)amino)propanoyl)amino)phenyl)-1,3-oxazol-2-yl)acetate; dibenzyl((2-methyl-1,3-oxazole-4,5-diyl)bis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))biscarbamate; dibenzyl (1H-imidazole-4,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))biscarbamate; (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1H-imidazole-4,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide); dibenzyl((5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,4-diyl)bis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))biscarbamate; dibenzyl (4H-1,2,4-triazole-3,4-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))biscarbamate; dibenzyl (1H-1,2,3-triazole-4,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))biscarbamate; (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(2-(((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(2-(((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide); (2R,2′R)—N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide); N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(3-chloro-1-naphthamide); N,N′-(1H-pyrazole-3,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(3-chloro-1-isoquinolinecarboxamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(2-(((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(2-(((2R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide); ((2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide); (2R,2′R)—N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide); dibenzyl (1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-3-methyl-1-oxo-1,2-butanediyl)))biscarbamate; dibenzyl (1,3-oxazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2R)-3-methyl-1-oxo-1,2-butanediyl)))biscarbamate; (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(3-methyl-2-((phenylacetyl)amino)butanamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(4-(methylsulfanyl)-2-((phenylacetyl)amino)butanamide); (2R,2′R)—N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(3-(methylsulfanyl)-2-((phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(4-methoxy-2-((phenylacetyl)amino)butanamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3-oxazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(3-tert-butoxy-2-((phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(4,4′-(oxazole-2,5-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(2-(2-phenylacetamido)hexanamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((methoxy(phenyl)acetyl)amino)propanamide); N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(6-chloro-2-pyridinecarboxamide); N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))di(2-furamide); N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(4-methoxy-2-quinolinecarboxamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(2-((phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(2-(((2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide); N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(6-fluoro-2-pyridinecarboxamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide); (2R,2′R)—N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanamide); N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(3-chloro-5-methoxy-1-isoquinolinecarboxamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))ditetrahydro-2-furancarboxamide; (2R,2′R)—N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))ditetrahydro-2-furancarboxamide; N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(3-chloro-1-isoquinolinecarboxamide); N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(4-chloro-2-pyridinecarboxamide); (2S,2′S)—N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diyldi-4,1-phenylene)bis(2-(((2S)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenylacetyl)amino)propanamide); and N,N′-(1,3,4-oxadiazole-2,5-diylbis(4,1-phenyleneimino((2S)-1-oxo-1,2-propanediyl)))bis(2-chloro-6-methoxyisonicotinamide).
 14. A composition comprising a compound according to claim 1, or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 15. A method of treating an HCV infection in a patient, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to claim 1, or a stereoisomer or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 